The President’s Role in the American Constitutional System Unit Four Lesson 23

The President’s Constitutional Duties Article II – the “Executive Power” Commander in Chief Head of the Executive Branch Granting Reprieves and Pardons Making treaties with Senate confirmation Nominating ambassadors & federal judges Recommend legislation Receive legislation passed by Congress Receive ambassadors & other diplomats

How has the Presidency evolved? Occupants of the White House have varied and so has the presidency under their lead POWERFUL PRESIDENTS: Washington, Jefferson, Jackson, Lincoln, TRoosevelt, Wilson, FDRoosevelt, Kennedy Used their position to create changes they believed necessary for the United States to grow/stay strong They expanded the power of the presidency and its role within the government “Feeble” presidency: GW Bush, Carter, Ford, Coolidge, Taft Did not lead with authority Let Congress take the lead

Foreign Policy Role Commanding the Armed Forces Making Treaties Military can be used to defend the US and as a threat to help persuade other countries to comply with US policy Can send US troops abroad – for various reasons Making Treaties Agreements with other nations – can be economic and/or defensive Must be approved by the Senate Appointing Ambassadors The president decides who represents the US in foreign countries Are the voice/face of the US in the country they are assigned to Receiving Ambassadors Accept ambassador as the voice of their nation – work through them Refusal to accept ambassador is an insult/can destableize a nation

Presidential Powers during War During war, presidents exercise powers NOT given to them in the Constitution Cleveland – deployed federal troops during railroad strike FDRoosevelt – Lend Lease Act Truman – Gov’t operated steel plants during Korean War Supreme Court has tried, at times, to rein in powers of the president during war SC ruled Truman exceeded powers in taking over steel plants SC debated powers of the president (funding) in the Vietnam war SC ruled GWBush exceeded his powers in created special military commissions for ‘detainees’

Expansion of Presidential Powers The presidency has grown in power in recent decades US citizens expect our president to act in time of crisis The people look to the president for help Expansion of executive duties/authority People want strong assertive leader These leaders have expanded their powers Constitution is very broad on presidential powers Interpretation of job Expansion of the president recommending legislation As party leader, the president sets the agenda & suggests legislation Executive Orders are used far more in recent years Used to fill in the blanks in laws passed by Congress Executive Branch has assumed the duties of state and local governments Education, health car, transportation

Limiting the powers of the President Rejection of the President’s agenda FDR Court Stacking plan Asserting Constitutional Authority War Powers Act (1973) requires Congressional approval Refusing to Ratify Treaties Treaty of Versailles Refusing to Confirm Presidential Appointments Supreme Court nominee – Robert Bork Refusing to fund Presidential Programs Congress refusing funding for Johnson’s plan for Vietnam Removing the President from Office Impeachment

How Presidency differs from a Prime Minister In a MULTIPARTY system, the legislative branch chooses the Prime Minister (same party) Cabinet members are usually members of Parliament This ties the two branches together In the US (2 Party system), the President is elected independently from the legislative branch President and majority party in either house of Congress may be from different parties Constitution DOES NOT require Congress to pass legislation from the leader, nor ratify treaties President’s actions are open to review, might be declared unconstitutional President serves a fixed 4 year term, limited to 2 terms or 10 years

Review Questions What factors explain the growth of presidential power during the nation’s history Has Congress relinquished too much power to the president? How is the system of chicks and balances designed to limit the exercise of presidential power? How well does the system of chicks and balances work? Why? How can public opinion affect presidential power? How would you define a “feeble” executive? In what ways might a feeble executive be as dangerous as an overly “energetic” executive? What are the differences between a president and a prime minister?