Language and Dialect

What is language?

Languages are always systematic, and variation among their speakers is absolutely normal. Languages are always systematic, and variation among their speakers is absolutely normal. Language is arbritary. Language is arbritary. Why Language Vary: Thank you Terimakasih Dankje Merci Syukron Arigato Bedank Salamat Gracias

Dialect Variation of lexicon (vocabulary) Variation of pronunciation (phonemes) Variation of grammar (syntax) What is dialect ?

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Dialect: lexical variation (LV)

For example: dialects in USA

“Tired” or “Exhausted” in US

LV in US Lexical variation in US is mostly affected by the African American community. Popular in Black and some other teenagers. LV in Indonesia Lexical variation in ID is mostly affected by the Jakartan dialect. Popular in urban areas of this archipelago. LV phenomena

Dialect: phonological variation

For instance: The dialect of Bostonian; The dialect of Bostonian; Pahk yo' car in Hahvahd yahd “Park your car in Harvard yard“

Dialect: grammatical variation Grammatical variation involves two sub- types: and. Grammatical variation involves two sub- types: ’morphology’ and ’syntax’.

Morpheme-1 morphemes {un}"not" and {happy} "happy" in unhappy Syntax-1 one can use anymore with the meaning of "nowadays" in positive sentences like "He smokes a lot anymore (Labov) For instance: Morpheme-2 form of the past tense of catch, climb and draw was sometimes catched, clum and drawed respectively in parts of the East US. (Atwood) Syntax-2 the use of So don't I in Boston and other parts of New England where other dialects would use "So do I“ (Labov)

Why dialect differences arise and persist One factor is the influence of geographical barriers. A river, a mountain range, or an expanse of barren land, can serve to keep two populations apart, creating or maintaining differences in usage between dialects on either side. One factor is the influence of geographical barriers. A river, a mountain range, or an expanse of barren land, can serve to keep two populations apart, creating or maintaining differences in usage between dialects on either side.

Other factors why dialect arises

For instance: Contact with Louisiana French in the East has led to loans like; jambalaya "rice stew" and bayou "inlet,“ While contact with Mexican Spanish along the South Western border has yielded loans like; mesa "dry plateau," and lariat "rope with a noose"

Concluding Remarks No two speakers of a language speak exactly the same way. No two speakers of a language speak exactly the same way. : A variety of a language spoken by a group of people that is characterized by (e.g., phonological, lexical, grammatical) that distinguish it from other varieties of that same language. Dialect: A variety of a language spoken by a group of people that is characterized by systematic features (e.g., phonological, lexical, grammatical) that distinguish it from other varieties of that same language. : the speech variety of an individual speaker Idiolect: the speech variety of an individual speaker

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