Biomolecules Pre-AP How are the structure and functions of the biomolecules similar and different? By Mr. Simonds

Biomolecules Biomolecules (AKA: Macromolecules) are carbon based molecules made by living things. 4 Types Carbohydrates Lipids Protein Nucleic Acids

Polymer vs. Monomer Polymer- a molecule composed of many smaller units. Monomer – the smaller unit contained in a polymer. Monomer Polymer

Lipids: Fats, Oils, & Waxes

Why do humans like fatty foods? Fats store energy Why do humans like fatty foods? Long CH chain Function: energy storage Twice as much as Carbohyhdrates cushion organs insulates body think whale blubber! What happens when you add oil to water Why is there a lot of energy stored in fats? • big molecule • lots of bonds of stored energy So why are we attracted to eating fat? Think about our ancestors on the Serengeti Plain & during the Ice Age. Was eating fat an advantage?

Saturated fats All C bonded to H No C=C double bonds long, straight chain most animal fats solid at room temp. contributes to cardiovascular disease (atherosclerosis) = plaque deposits Mostly animal fats

Unsaturated fats C=C double bonds in the fatty acids plant & fish fats vegetable oils liquid at room temperature the kinks made by double bonded C prevent the molecules from packing tightly together Mostly plant lipids Think about “natural” peanut butter: Lots of unsaturated fats Oil separates out Companies want to make their product easier to use: Stop the oil from separating Keep oil solid at room temp. Hydrogenate it = chemically alter to saturate it Affect nutrition? mono-unsaturated? poly-unsaturated?

Saturated vs. unsaturated 

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates are composed of C, H, O (CH2O)x C6H12O6 ex: sugars, starches, cellulose -ose: means that something is a sugar. Ex. Glucose, Fructose, Lactose Function: Energy Source u Energy Storage (CH2O)x C6H12O6 carb = carbon hydr = hydrogen ate = oxygen compound

Carbohydrates Monomer: sugars Polymer: starch or Cellulose Starch

Types of Carbohydrates Simple Carbohydrates Single or Double sugar molecules Used quickly by the body Complex Carbohydrates Long strands of sugars, such as starch and “fiber” Used slower than simple carbs but faster than other energy sources.

Proteins

Proteins Most structurally & functionally diverse group Function: involved in almost everything enzymes (pepsin, DNA polymerase) structure (keratin, collagen) carriers & transport (hemoglobin, aquaporin) cell communication signals (insulin & other hormones) receptors defense (antibodies) movement (actin & myosin) [Muscle] storage (bean seed proteins) Storage: beans (seed proteins) Movement: muscle fibers Cell surface proteins: labels that ID cell as self vs. foreign Antibodies: recognize the labels ENZYMES!!!!

Protein Structure and Function Monomer- Animo Acids Polymer – Protein Made of: C,H,O,N A protein’s specific shape determines how it functions.

Too much activation energy for life amount of energy needed to destabilize the bonds of a molecule moves the reaction over an “energy hill” glucose Not a match! That’s too much energy to expose living cells to! 2nd Law of thermodynamics Universe tends to disorder so why don’t proteins, carbohydrates & other biomolecules breakdown? at temperatures typical of the cell, molecules don’t make it over the hump of activation energy but, a cell must be metabolically active heat would speed reactions, but… would denature proteins & kill cells

Reducing Activation energy Catalysts reducing the amount of energy to start a reaction Pheeew… that takes a lot less energy! uncatalyzed reaction catalyzed reaction NEW activation energy reactant product

Catalysts So what’s a cell got to do to reduce activation energy? get help! … chemical help… ENZYMES Call in the ENZYMES! G

Proteins Enzymes, another type of protein, controls the rate of reactions. -ase means that something is an enzyme Example: Protease, Lactase, Amylase Example: Lactase is an enzyme that breaks down lactose, a sugar.

Nucleic acids

Nucleic Acids Function: genetic material stores information genes blueprint for building proteins DNA  RNA  proteins transfers information blueprint for new cells blueprint for next generation DNA proteins

Nucleic Acids Structure: Made of: C,H,O,N,P RNA (ribonucleic acid) single helix DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) double helix monomers = nucleotides Polymer = DNA RNA

Review Questions Name the four Biomolecules: Carbohydrate, Lipid, Protein, and Nucleic Acid What are Carbohydrates used for? To store energy for later use What are Nucleic Acids for? To store genetic information

Review Questions What do lipids do for you? The store energy and help keep you warm. Give an example of a food where you would find protein. Any meat

Review Questions Give an example of a food where you would find a lot of carbohydrates. Potato, bread, pasta, etc Give an example of food with a lot of lipids. Pizza, butter, any fatty food.

Lock and Key model Simplistic model of enzyme action substrate fits into 3-D structure of enzyme’ active site H bonds between substrate & enzyme like “key fits into lock” In biology… Size doesn’t matter… Shape matters!

Induced fit model More accurate model of enzyme action 3-D structure of enzyme fits substrate substrate binding cause enzyme to change shape leading to a tighter fit “conformational change” bring chemical groups in position to catalyze reaction