PHONOLOGICAL SYSTEMS The sound systems of English with 40 phonemes Phoneme: the individual sound that makes a difference between two words; /ð/ voiced – this, that, these, those /θ/ voiceless – think, thing, thank Talk, test, time, true 5 traditional vowels and 11 to 20 vowel sounds 21 consonants and 24 official sounds IPA: International phonetic alphabet: The system of phonetic notation Phone: the smallest identifiable unit found in a stream of speech; [b], [j], [o]

VOWEL SOUNDS [ɑ] - the A in father [æ] - the A in cat  [ə] - the A in about [ɛ] - the E in bet [e] - the A in pay [ɜ]* - the UR in purple or the IR in bird, usually followed by an [ɹ] [i] - the I in machine [ɪ] - the I in big [o] - the O in toe [ɔ] - the O in cost [u] - the OO in cool [ʊ] - the OO in good [ʌ] - the U in bug *R-colored (rhotic) vowels:  [ɝ] - the OR in work [ɚ] - the ER in butter Diphthongs

Vocal Anatomy

TIPS FOR TEACHING THE SOUNDS OF LANGUAGE Show the students how to make the sound Provide lots of practice using: Minimal pairs Rhymes Poems A flea and fly flew up a flue Chants Said the flea, “Let us fly.” Limericks Said the fly, “Let us flee.” Tongue twisters So they flew through a flaw in the flue Same sound dialogues