Institutions of American Government Module 4.3: The Bureaucracy Section 4: Classes of Federal Bureaucracy

The Federal Bureaucracy in 1789 PotUS Sec. of State Sec. of War Sec. of Treasury Attorney General Postmaster General VPotUS

The Federal Bureaucracy Today

Cabinet Departments “Main Line” executive departments Created/funded by Congress Usually headed by a secretary Secretary appointed by PotUS, confirmed by Senate Reports to PotUS Administers broad areas of public policy

Cabinet Organization Secretary Assistant Sec’y 1 Deputy Secretary 1 Deputy Secretary 2 Deputy Secretary 3 Deputy Assistant Sec. Deputy Assistant Sec Deputy Assistant Sec. Civil service Assistant Sec’y 2 Deputy Secretary 1 Deputy Secretary 2 Deputy Secretary 3 Deputy Assistant Sec. Deputy Asssitant Sec. Deputy Assistant Sec. Civil service Assistant Sec’y 3 Deputy Secretary 1 Deputy Secretary 2 Deputy Secretary 3 Deputy Asssitant Sec. Deputy Assistant Sec. Civil service Political Appointments Direct Appointments Or civil service assignment Civil Service System (OPM & MSPB)

Independent Executive Agencies Created/funded by Congress Usually headed by a Director Director appointed by PotUS, confirmed by Senate Director reports to PotUS Administers narrow, specific areas of public policy

Organization of IEAs Director Assistant Director 1 Civil service Assistant Director 2 Civil service Assistant Director 3 Civil service Political Appointment Direct appointment Civil Service System (OPM & MSPB)

Independent Regulatory Agencies Created/funded by Congress Usually headed by a Commissioner or Board of Directors Board chairman usually appointed by PotUS & confirmed by Senate Board members may be appointed by PotUS or by Congress Administers policy independent of both PotUS & Congress Regulates specific areas of US Economy

Organization of Regulatory Agencies Regulatory Board Enforcement Division Inspectors Administrators Adjudication Division Ombudsman Review Board Appointment by PotUS or by Congress Appointment by Regulatory Board Civil Service System (OPM & MSPB) Appointment by Regulatory Board

The Controversy over Regulatory Agencies Regulatory Board Enforcement Division Inspectors Administrators Adjudication Division Ombudsman Review Board Legislative power Executive Power Judicial Power All in the Same Agency!

Government Corporations Created by Congress Not necessarily funded by Congress Most positions appointed according to OPM & MSPB regulations & procedures Few positions subject to PotUS or Congressional appointment Generally provide products and/or services to the public for a fee Organized according to management models in the private sector

Organization of Government Corporations Appointment by PotUS or by Congress Direct appointment by Governing Board Civil Service System (OPM & MSPB)

Government Contracts Private companies Provide products & services to Government on a contractual basis Employees hold GS-ratings and may hold security clearances Generally not subject to OPM & MSPB regulation Contracts may be awarded through competitive bidding or through exclusive “no-bid” contracts