AT622 Introduction Jan 23, 2013. Nearly all energy on earth ultimately comes from sun. There is an approximate equilibrium between absorbed solar radiation,

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Presentation transcript:

AT622 Introduction Jan 23, 2013

Nearly all energy on earth ultimately comes from sun. There is an approximate equilibrium between absorbed solar radiation, keeping the earth’s temperature (approximately) constant. Radiation is emitted in the longwave – we’ll discuss why.

Earth’s Energy Balance At the surface, the energy balance is : +161 absorbed solar -396 emitted longwave +333 absorbed “back-radiation” - 17 Thermals (sensible heat) - 80 Evapotranpsiration (latent heat) 80 W/m 2 evaporated into h2o vapor Because E ≈ P, 80 W/m 2 released by precip.  3 mm/day global average precip. Can learn about the hydrologic cycle directly from radiation budgets!

Earth’s Energy Balance At TOA: = +0.9 W/m 2  Driving Global warming!

Latitudinal distribution of radiation

The nature of radiation Maxwell’s equations Wave equations Energy quantization Particles vs. Waves The E-M spectrum Polarization

Blackbody radiation

The Sun Solar Spectrum Solar Flux Distribution

The Greenhouse Effect Simple energy balance calculations to show that forcing  ~ 1 K for every 4 W/m 2 of forcing in the absence of feedbacks LATER: How doubling CO 2 increases forcing by ~ 4/m 2.

EM Radiation in Matter Reflection & Refraction at a boundary Absorption / Emission (by gases & particles) Scattering of radiation by particles

Absorption lines in gases – how does this work? Line broadening (pressure & doppler) Global warming potentials The Gray-body approximation Use of Line-by-line approaches such as MODTRAN, HITRAN Absorption by Gases

Scattering by particles: clouds, precip, aerosols, air Intrinsic properties: Extinction efficiency single scattering albedo phase function Extrinsic properties: Scattering optical depth Emissivity Spherical albedo Transmissivity

Radiative Transfer Transmission-only With emission sources (infrared, Microwave): EASY With solar source ( UV/Visible/Near-IR) With scattering (HARD)

Fluxes & heating rates

Cloud Forcing Clouds mostly reflect shortwave (cooling), and trap longwave (warming). Balance between these due to height and properties of the cloud, and of the surface underneath! Large impacts on both short timescales (weather) and long timescales (climate)

Applications to remote sensing

This class is for you! If you would like to learn about something that is not listed, ask me and we can talk about it! ATS652: Introduction to remote sensing ATS721 : Advanced remote sensing & radiative transfer techniques ATS753 : Global Hydrologic Cycle

Logistics Website: TA’s : Rob Nelson (course) & Alex Goodman (programming) Grading: 25% homework (x4), projects (x2), mid-terms (x2), final. Work through Petty’s book, supplement with Stephens’ original 622 notes. Tests: 8:30am or 2pm of same day (vote). Missed classes either filled in by others or made up. Make-up Preference? (8:35am start or Friday afternoons 2pm). Names / advisors / thoughts.