Chapter 8

 Poverty  Social Justice  Corrupt Government  Big Business  Child Labor  Urban living conditions  Class System

 Lincoln Steffens – political corruption  Jacob Riis – living conditions  Ida Tarbell – big business  John Spargo – child labor  Theodore Dreisner – urban life  Frank Norris – RR abuses of power  Upton Sinclair – meatpacking industry  Frances Ellen Watkins – struggles of blacks

 Society Settlement House (Jane Addams) U.S. Children’s Bureau Education laws Workplace safety laws Social Gospel  Government Commission Govt. Initiative Referendum Recall Direct Primary

 Many want to do more than be domestic  Face hardships Low pay and hard work Turn over $ to husbands Can’t vote Little education

 Women gained many new rights in early 1900’s Limit number of hours worked (10) National Consumers League – label products produced in fair and safe working conditions Women’s Trade Union League - Improved working conditions Temperance Movement Birth control – Margaret Sanger and ABCL

 National American Woman Suffrage Association – Urging Congress to pass an amendment and pushing states to pass suffrage laws  Carrie Chapman Catt – Influential leader of NAWSA  National Women’s Party – Used public protest marches for suffrage  19 th Amendment (1920) – Women get right to vote

 Section Focus: What steps did minorities take to combat social problems and discrimination

 Most Progressives = White, middle-class  Try to force minorities/immigrants to accept their values  Some Progressives accept segregation and belief in white superiority

 Booker T. Washington – Focus on economic independence  W.E.B. DuBois – Demand equality immediately  Niagara Movement – Believe in education based on history, literature and philosophy  NAACP – Use courts to challenge segregation  Urban League – Focused on helping poor families

 Anti-Defamation League – Defend Jews against attacks, secure justice and fair treatment  Mexican-Americans PLM – Help poor families Mutualistas – Provided loans, insurance, legal assistance  Society of American Indians – Protect Indian rights, protest federal Indian policy  Asian Americans – Fought laws preventing land ownership

 Supports Progressive reforms  Expands power of President  Trust regulator  Square Deal – Keep the wealthy and powerful from taking advantage of others Hepburn Act Meat Inspection Act Pure Food and Drug Act National Reclamation Act  Founding of national parks

 Continues Progressive reform  “Trustbuster” Did not discriminate between “good” and “bad” trusts Upsets TR

 Far-reaching reform program 16 th Amendment – Graduated Income Tax Federal Reserve Act – Federal Reserve controls banks Federal Trade Commission – Monitor business practices Clayton Anti-Trust Act – Strengthen anti-trust laws  New Freedom

 Republican – Taft  Progressive (Bull Moose) – Roosevelt New Nationalism  Democrat – Wilson New Freedom – Strict govt. controls on corporations, more opportunities for small businesses