PopulationPopulation Powerpoint produced by Rachel Farrell (PDST) & Aoife Healion (SHS, Tullamore) Sources of information: SEC Marking Schemes, newspaper articles & documentaries

Syllabus Economics of Population Global and national population, size, composition and trends. Over, under and optimum population. The labour force and employment. The importance of population, and its influence on economic development and growth.

Exam Questions OL Short 2009 Q Q 2 Long 2013 Q Q Q 8 (a) & (b) 2010 Q 7 (a) 2009 Q Q 3 (c) 2007 Q Q 6 (a) & (c) 2003 Q Q 7 (c) 2001 Q 7 (c)

Exam Questions HL Short 2010 Q Q Q 9 Long 2011 Q 8 (a) (b) (c) 2010 Q 8 (b) (c) 2008 Q 7 (c) 2005 Q 8 (a) 2003 Q 7 (c)

Under Population Occurs when output and income per head increases as the population rises. As the population increases most people become better off. Eg. Australia, Newzeland & Canada, & Japan

Complete “skimming an article exercise” on pdst website

Problems of underpopulation 1.Increases the dependency ratio 2.Smaller domestic market 3.Labour shortages 4.Less people to pay back the national debt. Students: Write a brief explanation of each of these headings.

Overpopulation Occurs in a country when output and income per head fall as the population rises. The economic resources are unable to support the increase in population without causing a decline in the SOL. Eg. India, China & Ethiopia.

Problems of overpopulation 1.Unemployment 2.Low SOL 3.Pressure on resources, health, ed… 4.Scarcity of food 5.Land prices may increase 6.Harm to the environment Students: Write a brief explanation of each of these headings.

Optimum population Occurs when the level of population is such that the economic resources of the country are providing the maximum output per head.

Factors that influence the size of population 1.Birth Rate Is the number of live births for every 1,000 members of the population. 2. Death Rate Is the number of deaths per 1,000 of the population. For population replacement the birth rate must be higher than the death rate

3. Infant Mortality Rate Is the average number of deaths per year per 1,000 live births. 4. Net Rate of Emigration/Immigration Is the total number of people who enter minus the total number who leave the country on a yearly basis.

Emigration Is the number of people who leave the country permanently.

Push forces Factors that compel people to leave their own country. Eg. Unemployment, low wages…

Pull forces Factors that attract people to another country. Eg. Climate, higher wages & job opp

Advantages of emigration 1. Reduction in unemployment Eases the pressure on gov to provide s/w & jobs. 2. Reduces social costs of unemployment Less vandalism & crime Emigrants return with skills & money.

Disadvantages of emigration 1. Smaller domestic market Less sales may lead to more unemployment. 2. Brain drain Benefits of money spent on education goes to other countries

3. Increase in the dependency ratio Mostly 18 to 35 year olds leave. Less revenue from tax. More young & old in the country. Greater burden on the government finances to provide services.

Immigration Is when people from other countries come to live in Ireland permanently.

Net migration Means that there are more people entering the country than leaving it. Ie. immigration is larger than emigration.

Advantages of Immigration placemat exercise

Disadvantages of Immigration placemat exercise

2011 HL Q 8 (b) Discuss the reasons why Ireland is now experiencing a high level of net outward migration.

2011 HL Q 8 (b) 1.Foreign nationals returning home 2.Economic recession in Ireland 3.Falling wage rates in Ireland 4.Rising level of tax in Ireland 5.Job opportunities abroad Students: Write a brief explanation of each point.

Sources of population information 1. Census of population Carried out every 5 years. It is a head count of all the residence in Ireland. First one in Ireland in 1841 Most recent one in 2006

2. Registration of births & deaths. By hospitals, doctors and relatives.

3. Central Statistics Office (CSO) Quarterly National House Survey. Data compiled at air and sea ports. The Register of Electors. The Child Benefit Scheme. The no. of visas, work-permits & asylum applications.

Why is the census of population important? 2011 Q 8 (b) For the Government 1.Infrastructural requirements 2.Provision of essential services 3.Pension planning 4.Qualifications of workforce Students: write a sentence for each.

Why is the census of population important? 2011 Q 8 (b) For business 1.Predict future level of demand 2.Population data 3.Labour market Students: write a sentence for each.

The 2011 census of Ireland highlighted that Complete “scanning exercise” on pdst website

Sample Word Wall

Demography Is the statistical study of human population. It involves the study of the total size of the population and its composition. Eg. No of males, females, age profiles etc.

Population Pyramid

Is a diagram that shows the distribution by age of the population of a country. In Ireland in 2006 the median age is approx 35 years. Irelands population is becoming older. _pyramid

Outline the economic implications of the changing structure and size of the Irish population & 2005 Use placemat to discuss Look up SEC marking schemes

Effects of an aging population 1.Pressure on provision of state pensions 2.Possible increased tax burden 3.Increased government expenditure 4.Changing pattern of demand Students discuss & write an explanation for each heading

Robert Malthus Theory of Population Nationality: English Time: Essay: Principle of Population & as it affects the Future Improvements of Society.

Population closely connected to food supply & production. Food has arithmetic growth (1,2,3,4) Population has geometric growth (2,4,8) Population would double every 25 years if left unchecked.

Famine disease and disasters would result. This would keep population within limits of food supply.

Forecast severe decline in the SOL in GB by the end of the 19 th century. This did not happen. However the population explosion of the 21 st century may prove him right.

Thomas Robert Malthus Classical Economist English ( ) “The Principles of Population” Theory of Population & Food Population grows geometrically (2,4,8,16,32). Food grows arithmetically (1,2,3,4,5,6). If population not kept in check famine & disease would result. SOL did not fall in 19 th C but his ideas were more relevant in the population explosion of the 20 th C Applied the Law of Diminishing Returns to Land Best land taken up first, then next best, then inferior…. At each stage the amount of food is less than before. Iron Law of Wages An increase in wage above subsistence level = increase in population = increase in supply of labour =decrease in wage

World population 7,000,000,000 7 billion

World Population billion billion billion billion is estimate Africa set to record highest levels of growth 64% – 158%

YouTube clips -billion (7billion video) -billion 2xOvKFFz4 (most typical person) 2xOvKFFz4 pUWt_dpAo (why they are doing a series on population) pUWt_dpAo

Causes of world population explosion 1. Change in death rate People are now living longer. 2. Reduced infant mortality Less babies dying due to advances in medicine. 3. Fertility span lengthened Advances in treatments, women having babies in 40’s. 4. High birth rate In underdeveloped countries.

Economic problems of the world population explosion 1.Scarcity of food. Could lead to price increases or famine. 2. A decrease in the average income per head. Will reduce the standard of living. 3. High levels of unemployment. Will put financial strain on the government to pay for welfare and social costs of crime & violence. 4. Greater strain on education, health, housing & social amenities As more people need public utilities but governments may lack the resources to provide them.

The IMF & the Millenium Development Goals Eradicate hunger & poverty. Achieve universal primary education. Promote gender equity. Reduce child mortality. Improve maternal health, Combat HIV/AIDS malaria….. Environmental sustainability. Improve trade & debt relief. By 2015

China’s one child policy??? Contraception ???? Fertility treatment ???? George Orwell 1984 ?????? Euthenasia ?? Pensions ????? Food ???? Room to live/land wars ????????? Discussion