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Bone Fractures: Immediately after a fracture, the patient suffers sever local pain and is not able to use the injured part. Deformity may be visible if the bone fragments have been displaced relative to each other. Fracture of bone is accompanied by a considerable hemorrhage of blood between the bone ends and into the surrounding soft tissue. The blood vessels and the fibroblasts and osteoblasts from the periosteum take part in the repair process.

Comminuted Fracture A fracture in which the bone fragments into several pieces.

Impacted Fracture Is one whose ends are driven into each other. This is commonly seen in arm fractures in children and is sometimes known as a buckle fracture.

Pathologic fracture: Caused by a disease that weakens the bones, and stress fracture, a hairline crack.

Greenstick fracture an incomplete fracture in which the bone is bent. This type occurs most often in children.

Transverse fracture a fracture at a right angle to the bone's axis.

Oblique fracture a fracture in which the break has a curved or sloped pattern.

Spiral: Ragged break occurs when excessive twisting forces are applied to the bone.

Pott’s Fracture: Fracture of distal end of fibula and injury to distal end of tibia.

Colles’ Fracture: Fracture of the radius, usually about 1 cm proximal to the wrist. Typically due to forceful trauma, like falling with outstretched hands.

Specific aspects of fracture healing that will be considered in relation to embryological development are: 1) the anatomic structure of the fracture callus as it evolves during healing; 2) the origins of stem cells and morphogenetic signals that facilitate the repair process; 3) the role of the biomechanical environment in controlling cellular differentiation during repair; 4) the role of three key groups of soluble factors, pro-inflammatory cytokines, the TGF-β superfamily, and angiogenic factors, during repair; and 5) the relationship of the genetic components that control bone mass and remodeling to the mechanisms that control skeletal tissue repair in response to fracture.

Stages of healing of a simple bone fracture. 1 Stages of healing of a simple bone fracture. 1. Hematoma formation (mass of clotted blood) at fracture site. Tissue in fracture site swells, very painful, obvious inflamation, and bone cells are dying. 2. Fibrocartilaginous callus developes over a 3 to 4 week period. This process involves -capillary growth in the hematoma -phagocytic cells invading and cleaning-up debri in injury site -fibroblasts and osteoblasts migrating into site and beginning reconstruction of bone Note that the fibrocartilaginous callus serves to splint the fracture. 3. Bony callus begins forming after 3 to 4 weeks after injury and is prominent 2 to 3 months following the injury. Continued migration and multiplying of osteoblasts and osteocytes results in the fibrocartilaginous callus turning into a bony callus. 4. Remoldeling. Any excess material of the bony callus is removed and compact bone is laid down in order to reconstruct the shaft. Remoldeling is the final stage.