In pursuit of memory Saw how memory doesn't work, now lets look how it does work

Objectives Describe recall and recognition in explicit memory How is memory measured implicitly Analyze the 2 models of memory

Explicit memory Conscious, intentional recollection of an event or item of information. Recall: The ability to retrieve and reproduce from memory previously learned material Recognition: The ability to identify previously encountered material chapter 8

Meaningful Organization Recall and recognition Remember the gist not the actual words shows MEANING important 2 Main ways for Retrieval of explicit memories Recall- (like for an essay test) retrieval task where you create an answer almost entirely from memory. Example of recall question: name Rudolph's friends

OTOH Recognition- ( Multiple choice test) Identify if a stimulus has been previously experienced So Recognition is easier than recall Remember faces and not names? Because faces give you better cues Rudolph example: which ones are Rudolph's friends: Blitzen, Cupid, Kumquat, Bouncer, Dander, Dasher, Donner, Blintzes, Dancer, Prancer, Flasher, Trixie, Masher, Comet, Pixie, Vixen.

Implicit memory Unconscious retention in memory, as evidenced by the effect of a previous experience or previously encountered information on current thoughts or actions. chapter 8

Implicit and Explicit Memory Implicit memory- memory that can effect your behavior but which you did not deliberately learn or of which you currently have no awareness Explicit memory- Involves awareness Most Procedural Memory is Implicit, For example swinging a golf club, throwing a ball

Relearning Compares the time required to relearn material with the time used in the initial learning of the material. chapter 8

Relearning or savings method Ebbinghaus: 19 th century Relearned info learned in a task earlier Do better on task next time So must be learning and remembering something

Priming A person reads or listens to information and is later tested to see whether the information affects performance on another type of task. chapter 8

Priming Read list of words some of which begin with def (define, defend, deform) Later asked to complete word stems, with words that begin with def. You would complete task better by having seen the list Hop, pop, mop,….what do you do at the green light? You know more than you think you know (usually)

Models of memory (3 box model) Complex model uses computer terms: input, output, accessing, information retrieval First step encode sensory info: computer keyboard, human sight, sound (convert to form that can be processed by brain) Second store for later use (retain) Thirdly retrieve for recovery use (retrieve)

2 nd theory (PDP) Differences in human computer example Most com. Process info and data sequentially, so 3 box model emphasized HOWEVER human brain performs many tasks simultaneously (in parallel) Patterns all at once not sequentially Millions of neurons talk to one another, which in turn talk to millions more Both correct but which one more useful?

Parallel distributed processing (PDP) Model of memory in which knowledge is represented as connections among thousands of interacting processing units, distributed in a vast network, and all operating in parallel chapter 8

summary Explicit Implicit Memory 2 memory processing systems