State that enzymes are globular proteins with a specific tertiary structure. State that enzymes catalyse metabolic reactions in living organisms. © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original Week 18

Primary structure to tertiary structure in enzymes © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original Week 18

Commercial application of enzymes © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original Week 18

State that enzyme action may be extracellular or intracellular. © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original Week 18

Mould produces extracellular enzymes to digest bread © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original Week 18

Lysosome and phagocytosis © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original Week 18

Describe the mechanism of enzyme action with reference to specificity, active site, lock-and-key and induced-fit hypotheses. Explain what is meant by enzyme–substrate complex and enzyme–product complex. Describe how enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction. © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original Week 18

State that enzymes are globular proteins with a specific tertiary structure. State that enzymes catalyse metabolic reactions in living organisms. © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original Week 18

Activation energy (maltose to glucose)‏ © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original Week 18

How the enzyme maltase lowers the activation energy needed to convert maltose to glucose © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original Week 18

The lock-and-key hypothesis © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original Week 18

The induced-fit hypothesis © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original Week 18

Enzymes and metabolism – an overview © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original Week 18

A metabolic pathway © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original Week 18

Phenylketonuria sequence and effects © Pearson Education Ltd 2008 This document may have been altered from the original Week 18

Co-factors and co-enzymes Some enzymes will only work if there is another non-protien substance bound to them. These non-protein substances are called Co-factors –Use your text book to give an example Some co-factors are organic molecules these are called co-enzymes. They participate in the reaction and are changed by it. They often act as carriers, moving chemical groups between different enzymes. They’re continually recycled during this process. –Use your text book to give an example