News systems-can-cut-your-carbon-footprint-and-your- commute/ systems-can-cut-your-carbon-footprint-and-your- commute/ dump-thousands-gallons-waste-drinking-water- day.php?dcitc=th_rsshttp:// dump-thousands-gallons-waste-drinking-water- day.php?dcitc=th_rss covered-up-epa-global-warming-finding- -reveals/ covered-up-epa-global-warming-finding- -reveals/ environment/15degrees.html?_r=2&hphttp:// environment/15degrees.html?_r=2&hp 5/mass_waterway_members_resign_over_safety_issues / 5/mass_waterway_members_resign_over_safety_issues /

Observations Earth is 71% under water Mountain ranges are long lines Mid-Ocean ridges are long arcs Trenches Seamounts Flat portions of the earth –Continental shelves –Ocean bottom

Hypsographic Curve :46 Zyzzy 1040×530× (40680 bytes) Earth's hypsography {{cc-by- 2.0}}Zyzzy

Plate Tectonics Two types of crust –Oceanic –Continental Convective Mantle (plates move) –Magnetic Anomalies –Hot Spots Plate Boundaries –Convergent –Divergent –Transform

Plate Tectonics Is Responsible Drawing modified from Montgomery: Environmental Geology; © 2002, McGraw Hill Image courtesy of United States Geological Survey

Geologic Processes: Structure of the Earth Fig. 4-7 p. 60 Image courtesy of Wikipedia under Creative Commons licenseWikipedia

Plate Tectonics  Divergent boundary  Convergent boundary  Subduction zone  Transform fault Refer to Fig p. 334 Fig p. 336 Image courtesy of United States Geological Survey

Convergent Plate Boundaries Continent-Ocean Fig p. 333 Image courtesy of WikipediaWikipedia

Convergent: Ocean-Ocean Image courtesy of WikipediaWikipedia

Convergent: Continent-Continent Image courtesy of WikipediaWikipedia

Transform Fault Image courtesy of U.S. Geological Survey

Transform Fault Image courtesy of Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University

Earth’s Major Tectonic Plates Fig. 16-4, p. 335 Source: USGS

Ring of Fire

Hot Spot Volcanoes Image courtesy of U.S. Geological Survey

Earth’s Major Tectonic Plates Fig. 16-4, p. 335 Image courtesy of U.S. Geological Survey

Hydrothermal Vents Image courtesy of U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

White clam Magma Black smoker Sulfide deposit White crab Tube worms White smoker Images removed due to copyright restrictions.

Hydrothermal Vents Image courtesy of U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration

External Earth Processes  Erosion  Mechanical weathering  Frost wedging  Chemical weathering  Biological weathering

Natural Hazards: Volcanic Eruptions Fig p. 338 Image courtesy of U.S. Geological Survey

Minerals and Rocks  Mineral (diamond, quartz) Rock Types  Igneous (granite, basalt)  Sedimentary (limestone, sandstone)  Metamorphic (marble, slate)

Fig p. 339 Igneous Rock Granite, Pumice, Basalt Sedimentary Rock Shale, Sandstone, Limestone Metamorphic Rock Slate, Quartzite, Marble Magma (Molten Rock) Weathering Erosion Transport Deposition Heat, Pressure Heat, Pressure Heat, Pressure Heat, Pressure Rock Cycle

Supplies of Mineral Resources  Economic depletion  Depletion time  Foreign sources  Economics  Environmental concerns  Mining the ocean  Finding substitutes Fig p. 346  New technologies Images removed due to copyright restrictions.