Introduction to Josephson Tunneling and Macroscopic Quantum Tunneling Marc Manheimer November 5, 1999

Outline Review of Josephson Tunneling. Derivation of tilted washboard potential. Thermal lifetime (Fulton & Dunkleberger). Macroscopic Quantum Tunneling (Voss&Webb). More recent work. November 5, 1999

Basic Tunnel Junction i v NIN Tunneling November 5, 1999

NIS Tunneling November 5, 1999

SIS Tunneling November 5, 1999

SIS Tunneling No current flows at T=0 until the gap voltage is exceeded. It takes 2D1 to break a Cooper pair, and leave it at the Fermi level, and another 2D2 to bring it to the conduction band in the second metal. (D1+D2 per electron) The tunneling current is given by: November 5, 1999

The Wavefunction The superconducting condensate is described by a Schrodinger equation, with wavefunction: The phase of the wavefunction plays an important role in Josephson tunneling. November 5, 1999

Josephson Tunneling In 1962, Josephson predicted... A zero voltage super current: An evolving phase difference, if a voltage is maintained across a junction: Oxide barrier Metal 1 Metal 2 November 5, 1999

Simple Derivation… Couple two superconductors… Separate real and imaginary… Impose a voltage between the two superconductors… We get Josephson’s relationships with: Substitute the pair density… November 5, 1999

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Josephson Energy One can derive the coupling free energy stored in the junction by integrating the electrical work done by a current source in changing the phase: With a convenient reference for f: November 5, 1999

RSJ Model Tilted Washboard Potential I + i v Icsinq R C _ November 5, 1999

Tilted Washboard Potential II The Potential November 5, 1999

Mechanical Analogue Tilted Washboard Potential III q G mg November 5, 1999

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November 5, 1999

Fulton &Dunkleberger Measured the effect of thermal noise on the lifetime of the zero voltage state. They scanned junction current, lowering the potential barrier, until the junction made the transition into the finite voltage state. The thermal lifetime is given by: The probability of switching to the finite voltage state is: November 5, 1999

Fulton & Dunkleberger H(K) November 5, 1999

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Desired System Properties for QMT Metastable state separted from a continuum. Two macroscopically distinguishable states. Frequency of small oscillations high enough that Barrier height variable. Experimentally describable in classical terms. November 5, 1999

Voss & Webb Verify thermal switching at high T As T®0, the switching rate becomes dominated by quantum tunneling. Caldeira and Leggett fix the parameters, at T=0. November 5, 1999

Misc Parameters For Voss & Webb: Ic=1.6mA Ic=160nA 2x1011sec-1 3.2x10-3eV ~35K 3.2x10-4eV ~3.5K For Fulton & Dunkleberger: November 5, 1999

Voss & Webb An interesting aside, is that V&W write the barrier as: Also, V&W determined x=I/Ic by fitting to the exponential. November 5, 1999

Voss & Webb w/o zero point subtraction Incl zero point subtraction November 5, 1999

Voss & Webb November 5, 1999

Note: Curves change with T in MQT regime, as Ic continues to change. November 5, 1999

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Finite Temperature MQT Subsequnt to V&W, several groups developed a finite T model. MQT increases with T. Washburn, Webb, Voss & Faris, published a follow-on which verifies predictions. PRL54, p2712 (1985). Groups at Berkeley and SUNY/SB also verified predictions. November 5, 1999

WWV&F November 5, 1999

WWV&F November 5, 1999