Earthquakes (1) John Townend EQC Fellow in Seismic Studies Cotton 520, ph. 463-5411.

Slides:

Advertisements

Similar presentations

Advertisements

A 8.0 magnitude earthquake occurred offshore in the Solomon Islands. The earthquake occurred at a depth of 28.7 km (17.8 miles) and a tsunami warning was.

Earth’s Dynamic Crust and Interior: small scale crustal changes  Movements of the crust is based on the concept of original horizontality. This concept.

WHAT COULD BE THE NEXT EARTHQUAKE DISASTER FOR JAPAN  A difficult question, but ---  It is the one that was being asked long before the March 11, 2011.

What are Seismic Waves?. Types of Waves Compression wave (longitudinal) Transverse Wave Seismic Wave – Body Waves Primary or p-wave Primary or p-wave.

Unit C Chapter 2 Section 2.3 Earthquakes. Causes of the Alaska Earthquake of 1964 This was the second largest earthquake that was ever recorded by a seismograph.

Earthquakes in New Zealand. Global Distribution of Earthquakes.

Magnitude 8.9 (9.0) earthquake near Sendai, east coast of Honshu, Japan Friday, March 11, 2011 at 05:46:23 UTC Japan was struck by a magnitude 8.9 (9.0)

Earthquakes and earthquake (or seismic) waves Pages , ,

Seismic Waves & Earth’s Interior Seismograph Seismometers and Seismograms.

Earthquakes What Is An Earthquake? Click here to find out.

  The word comes from the Greek word seismic, for shaking.  It is the branch of Geology which has provided the most comprehensive interpretation of.

Chapter 5: EARTHQUAKES &EARTH’S INTERIOR. Earthquakes & earthquake hazards Earthquake –Sudden release of energy Seismology –Scientific study of earthquakes.

Earthquakes Chapter 16. What is an earthquake? An earthquake is the vibration of Earth produced by the rapid release of energy Energy radiates in all.

Tsunami Great Sumatra Earthquake Tsunami Death Toll ~ 250,000 Tsunami Death Toll ~ 250,000.

Earthquakes & Volcanoes. BIG Ideas: 1. Most geologic activity occurs at the boundaries between plates. 2. Earthquakes are natural vibrations of the ground,

The 09/03/2010 Darfield Earthquake and its Aftershocks, Including the 02/21/2011 Christchurch Event Educational Slides Created & Compiled by Gavin Hayes.

-for saving innocent lives

EARTHQUAKES AND EARTH’S INTERIOR. Objectives Explain the connection between earthquakes and plate tectonics. Identify several earthquake-related hazards.

VII. Earthquakes A.Introduction B.Source of seismic energy C.Propagation of seismic energy D.Recording earthquakes E.Magnitude scales.

Copyright © by Isiorho 1 Earthquake Slides Modified from the original version by Dr. S. A. Isiorho’s presentation.

The role of the GEO Geohazards Community of Practice for the Supersites Initiative The role of the GEO Geohazards Community of Practice for the Supersites.

Chapter 12: Earthquakes. Where do earthquakes tend to occur? Earthquakes can occur anywhere, but they tend to occur on and near tectonic plate boundaries.

Earthquakes (Chapter 8)

Tsunamis Presented by: Saira Hashmi Oct. 14 th,2005 EPS 131 Introduction to Physical Oceanography.

Earthquakes A Whole Lot of shakin’ going on!. What are Earthquakes and where do they occur? Seismology is the study of earthquakes. Seismology is the.

IRIS Data Tools and Animations John Taber, Tammy Bravo, Michael Hubenthal, Jenda Johnson.

Esci 203, Earth Structure and Deformation Introduction to the global positioning system (GPS) John Townend EQC Fellow in Seismic Studies

Earthquakes 7.1 Earthquakes occur along faults. 7.2

Integrated Science Unit 10, Chapter 28.

CHAPTER 7 EARTHQUAKES. 7.1 Notes What are earthquakes? earthquakes - movements or shaking of the ground when rock (plates) move suddenly and release energy.

Earthquakes. By: Laura Barjarow Chapter 12.. Earthquakes A movement or trembling of the ground that is caused by a sudden release of energy when rocks.

Earthquakes and Landscapes

Tsunamis!. Tsunamis Caused by vertical displacement of water Seismic sea waves Not tidal waves, not caused by wind Appear small in the open ocean Grow.

DO NOW REVIEW FROM BEFORE THE VACATION

Large Earthquake Rapid Finite Rupture Model Products Thorne Lay (UCSC) USGS/IRIS/NSF International Workshop on the Utilization of Seismographic Networks.

Earthquakes. Quake Damage Car sunk into liquefied ground, New Zealand.

California Tsunami Program Richard Eisner, FAIA, Administrator OES Coastal Region & Tsunami Program.

Planet EarthSection 2 What are Earthquakes? 〉 Where do most earthquakes occur? 〉 By looking at maps showing past seismic activity, one can see that earthquakes.

Chapter 5 section 1 Objective: Determine where earthquakes come from and what causes them Identify different types of earthquakes Describe how earthquakes.

EARTHQUAKES! Video: Earthquakes 101

2/11/2016discuss the elastic rebound theory California Science Content Standards Covered: ► Plate tectonics operating over geologic time has changed the.

Bell Ringer Monday 11/30/09 Where do most volcanoes tend to form? a. convergent plate boundaries b. divergent plate boundaries c. hot spots d. all of the.

Earth Science Physical Geology Earthquakes Chapter 6 Notes 2.

1. What do seismologists use to determine when an earthquake started? A seismogram 2. How is the intensity of an earthquake determined? By the amount.

Vocabulary – Quiz define each term 1. Focus 2. Epicenter 3. Pacific ring of fire 4. Seismograph 5. S waves 6/13/2016.

Modeling the Rupture Process of the Tokachi-Oki Earthquake using 1-Hz GPS Kristine M. Larson Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences University of.

Earthquakes Liz LaRosa 2009http:// for my 5 th grade science class 2009.

Tsunami Jens Havskov and Mathilde B. Sørensen. What is a tsunami A tsunami is an abnormal large wave hitting the coast.

What is an Earthquake? Goal 

Earthquakes What Is An Earthquake? Click here to find out

Earthquakes and tsunamis in the last week

Images courtesy of Google Earth (top), and USGS (bottom).

Images courtesy of Google Earth

EARTHQUAKES AND EARTH’S INTERIOR

Great Tohoku Earthquake and Tsunami, March 11, 2011

Aim: What is an earthquake?

Aim: What is an earthquake?

Earthquakes & Plate Tectonics

Scripps Institution of Oceanography

Earthquakes 7.1 Earthquakes occur along faults. 7.2

Improving Estimates of Tsunami Propagation Speed

Seismic Wave Propagation

UNIT 4 The theory of plate tectonics explains Earth’s geological processes

A numerical scale used to measure the magnitude or energy released

Ephrata Middle School Science Miss Rand Plate Tectonics.

How and Where Earthquakes Happen

Presentation transcript:

Earthquakes (1) John Townend EQC Fellow in Seismic Studies Cotton 520, ph

Outline What have we seen in the last couple of years? What is an earthquake? How do we observe earthquakes scientifically? How do we describe earthquakes?

Our home

Colours represent peak ground acceleration expected at 10% probability in 50 years Figure courtesy of GNS Science

What is listening near Christchurch?

Seismographs

Satellite radar interferogram spanning the 22 February Christchurch earthquake. Image provided by the Centre for the Observation and Modelling of Earthquakes, Volcanoes and Tectonics (COMET+). What else is watching?

Greendale fault → Darfield EQ United States Geological Survey (USGS)

Big fleas have little fleas... A day-long record of seismic activity recorded at McQueen’s Valley (western Banks Peninsula) almost one month after the M6.3 Christchurch earthquake. Image provided by GeoNet.

And they keep biting A day-long record of seismic activity recorded at McQueen’s Valley (western Banks Peninsula) twelve months after the M6.3 Christchurch earthquake. Image provided by GeoNet.

The rate of aftershock activity generally decreases with time...

But there can be surprises...

For every large earthquake there are many little ones...

But size isn’t everything... Stacy Squires/The Press Carys Monteath/The Press

Ground accelerations Figures provided by GNS Science/GeoNet — see RSNZ/PMSAC briefing for further details

東日本大震災, 11 March 2011 The earth rings like a bell

Regional deformation Preliminary GPS displacement data (version 0.1) provided by the ARIA team at JPL and Caltech. All Original GEONET RINEX data provided to Caltech by the Geospatial Information Authority (GSI) of Japan. Animated version

Expected tsunami wave heights across the Pacific basin computed by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Center for Tsunami Research.

Tsunami

Tsunami propagation A tsunami travels over the abyssal plain (d~5.5 km) at a velocity of ~235 m s –1 (~850 km hr –1 ).

Why such a big tsunami? Ide et al., 2011, Science Sato et al., 2011, Science

Kodaira et al., JAMSTEC Why such a big tsunami?

What are all these waves? The P and S waves travel through the Earth’s interior and lose energy (attenuate) faster than the Rayleigh surface waves

Where to with early warnings? A public warning was issued 8 s after seismic waves were first detected, 31 s after rupture started (27 bullet trains stopped) Magnitude underestimated, meaning ground motions and tsunami heights were also underestimated

Suggested reading material Geosystems (8 th ed.), Christopherson  Chapter 12, especially p. 338–343, 349–355  Chapter 16, p. 466–472 Earthshaking science: what we know (and don't know) about earthquakes, Hough Predicting the unpredictable, Hough Caught in the crunch, Ansell and Taber Magnitude eight plus, Grapes

Online resources GeoNet  United States Geological Survey  Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo  GEO Geohazards Supersite  Geospatial Information Authority of Japan  Seismological Laboratory, Harvard University  UNAVCO 

Quake-safeing Chimneys Water cylinders Foundations Roof tiles Solid fuel stoves Bookcases And who has an earthquake kit prepared?