Pair/Share - What factors can affect fertility rates? “Baby Booms” Education Access to family planning Money Developed/Developing Status Reproductive rights for women Society’s attitudes towards women’s rights Infant mortality rates

What role does migration play in population growth? They can increase or decrease the rate of growth in a country Why do people emmigrate from one country to another?

What factors affect life expectancy and death rates? Infant Mortality is largely determined by the parents’ access to food, fuel/energy, education, clean water Contagious Disease

What are some factors that affect fertility rates in some countries? Gender Roles – Women’s rights Access to healthcare and medicine

Women’s Role There is a strong connection between the level of education and financial independence women have and fertility rates Developed More education – reproductive health and vocational knowledge More women at work out of the home Children not needed to support the family Children not needed to care for aging family Average fertility is lower Developing Less Education Less women working out of the home Children work (farming, gathering, family business)- so more children is helpful Elderly rely on their children for care and support Average Fertility is higher

Question: Why does disease spread so easily in developing countries? Today we are going to simulate the spread of disease through a population Procedure: – Each person will get a test tube of water to represent their body – You will make 3 “unprotected exchanges” with another person – To make an exchange each of you will take one dropper of liquid from your own test tube and pour it into the other person’s test tube – One person in the population is “infected” – At the end we will test each test-tube to see who caught the infection

How will we get our population to stabilize? Ideally – we would reach replacement rate on a global scale (two parents replace themselves with 2 children) This does not factor in that some populations will be shrinking and some will grow – each presenting its own unique challenges Pair/Share: Think about the movie – what are the different challenges for each situation?

What kinds of things do we need to plan for as the population grows? Can you think of any??? New schools New facilities to care for elderly New Roads Increased capacity for electrical usage Housing Medical Care Economy

What are some major environmental implications of over- population?

1.Resource depletion 2.Access to resources 3.Habitat destruction 4.Habitat fragmentation 5.Increased Pollution 6.Endangerment to different species of plants and animals 7.Public health issues – Contagious Disease 8.Shortage of Energy resources 9.Acceleration of climate change 10.Not enough space to build housing 11.Not enough space to grow food 12.Not enough forest land 13.Access to clean water 14.Political Conflict

Resource Depletion What resources do we need? How do we divide them up among so many people? What happens when we run out? Some are renewable – but are we taking measures to renew them? Are we planning ahead to find new resources?

Access to Resources Growing gap between wealthy and poor Who decides who gets access? What happens to people without access to resources? DEVELOPEDDEVELOPING Population ~1.1 billion~7.1 billion % Global Energy Consumption 8713

Habitat Destruction What happens to the organisms who live in the forests? The coral reefs? The grasslands? The coastal wetlands? What happens to us when those ecosystems are no longer available and can no longer provide us with resources?

Habitat Fragmentation What happens to ecosystems when we carved them up by building roads? What happens to ecosystems when we build a housing development in the middle? What happens to migratory animals when we interfere with their migratory patterns?

Increased Pollution More people means…. More cars producing Nitrous Oxides and Carbon Monoxides More smog More factories making Nitrous-oxides and Sulfur-oxides More fertilizer run-off More leaching of toxins into our drinking water More mercury from factories entering the food chain More Pesticides More smoke and particulate matter More energy needed resulting in more burning of fossil fuels More products being used that contain Volatile Organic Compounds

Endangered Species Can they compete with us? Unless we decide to protect them and their habitats – who will? Do other places have laws to protect living things like the U.S.?

Public Health Pollution of air and water affects health More people means more ways to carry and transmit disease Wastewater treatment

Shortage of Energy Resources Fossil Fuels are limited and non-renewable Fossil fuels pollute and contribute to climate change We are coming to the end of our fossil fuel sources We have increasing demands for electricity Do we have a back-up plan?

Acceleration of Climate Change More people means… More cars and factories producing Carbon Dioxide More Farms and Landfills producing methane More methane and Carbon Dioxide speeds up climate change What do other organisms do when the climate changes? How do we cope with increased storms/tornadoes and hurricanes caused by climate change? What will we do when sea levels rise and our coastal cities are submerged? What happens when the food sources and natural resources we rely on are no longer available because of climate change?

Not enough space to build housing Everybody has to live somewhere… But not everywhere is habitable… Where will we go? If we use the land to build houses…what can’t we use the land for?

Not enough space to grow food Everybody needs to eat… But not everywhere can provide food (farming/ raising animals)… If we use the land to build houses…what can’t we use the land for?

Not enough forest land Forests absorb carbon dioxide, provide valuable timber and are the source of our paper (and paper products) Maintaining forest lands means that we can’t use it for housing or food production Once we cut down a forest – it can’t really be regrown

Access to clean water Everybody needs drinking water – but not all water is suitable or accessible for drinking Clean water leads to good hygiene which can prevent diseases What happens when we don’t have enough water?

Political Conflict When people’s needs/wants are met – conflict occurs With more people – it is more likely that needs and wants will not be met Issues of needs and wants are complicated – how do we negotiate with people who have the resources we need? What happens when people take too much? What happens when people have too little?