Delays in Fibrinolytic Administration for Acute ST-Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction: Results from the Acute Coronary Treatment and Interventions Outcomes Network Registry – Get With the Guidelines (ACTION Registry ® -GWTG TM ) Seth Glickman, MD 1 ; Charles Cairns, MD 1 ; Anita Chen, MS 2 ; Christopher Granger, MD 2 ; Christopher Cannon, MD 3 ; Elizabeth Fraulo, MS 2 ; Eric Peterson, MD, MPH 2, Matthew Roe, MD 2 1. Department of Emergency Medicine, University of North Carolina- Chapel Hill 2. Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 3. Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA,

Disclosures Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Physician Faculty Scholar Award (Glickman PI) American Heart Association PRT Outcomes Research Center Project Grant (Glickman, Granger, Co PIs) NCDR-American College of Cardiology

Background Reperfusion therapy STEMI reduces mortality in a time-dependent manner –PCI –Fibrinolytic therapy 2007 AHA/ACC STEMI Guidelines –“STEMI patients presenting to a hospital without PCI capability and who cannot be transferred to undergo PCI within 90 minutes should be treated with fibrinolytic therapy within 30 minutes as a systems goal”

Background – Challenges to First medical contact to PCI in 90 minutes Patients in rural areas far from PCI Centers –Only 1200/5000 hospitals are PCI capable 4% of STEMI patients who are transferred achieve DTB <90 minutes 1 –↑ 13% with statewide regionalization efforts 2 Method of choice for primary reperfusion in these patients may be fibrinolysis 1 Nallamothu BK et al. Circulation Jollis JG et al. JAMA. 2007

Objectives Assess the performance of fibrinolytic therapy within the 30 minute guideline in contemporary practice Evaluate patient characteristics associated with the timeliness of fibrinolysis Determine association of DTN times with patient outcomes

Methods – Study population ACTION –GWTG Registry January 2007-June ,193 patients with STEMI at 286 hospitals Fibrinoytic therapy - 3,219 STEMI patients in 178 hospitals

Methods – Variables Co-variates –Patient demographics (age, race, gender) –Medical history –Clinical characteristics on presentation Outcomes –Time to fibrinolysis –In-hospital events Mortality Composite outcome – Mortality, stroke, cardiogenic shock

Methods – Statistical analysis Association of patient factors and time to fibrinolysis –Linear generalized estimating equations (GEE) Association of time to fibrinolysis and outcomes –GEE model

DemographicsPresentation characteristics Age (year), median, IQR59.0 ( )Clinical symptoms Gender, male2358 (73.3) Signs of CHF299 (9.3) Race, white2804 (87.1) Heart rate >100 bpm392 (12.2) Insurance status, private1835 (57.0) Systolic BP <90 mmHg173 (5.4) Body mass index (kg/m 2 )28.3 ( )Transported by EMS988 (30.7) Medical historyHospital characteristics Hypertension1823 (56.6)Non-PCI (versus PCI)2872 (89.2) Diabetes mellitus614 (19.1)Region Current/recent smoker1512 (47.0) West432 (13.4) Dyslipidemia1545 (48.0) Northeast298 (9.3) Prior MI589 (18.3) Midwest1041 (32.2) South1448 (45.0) Patient Characteristics (n=3,219)

Results – Distribution of DTN times Median DTN 34.0 minutes (IQR ) 1,432/3,219, 44.5% met the ACC/AHA guideline ≤ 30 minutes

Variable Adjusted Estimate* 95% CI (Lower) 95% CI (Upper) p-value: (Individual) p-value: (Global) Patient demographics Women (vs. men) Age (year) < to 64 (vs. <55) to 74 (vs. <55) ≥75 (vs. <55) White (vs. other race) Presentation features Transported by EMS <.0001 Systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg Time or presentation Weekday, evening (vs. Weekday, day) Weekday, night (vs. Weekday, day) Weekend, day (vs. Weekday, day) Weekend, evening (vs. Weekday, day) Weekend, night (vs. Weekday, day)

OutcomeOutcome (%) Adjusted OR (95% CI) p-value Death3.1% vs 4.4%0.79 ( ) Death /shock /stroke6.2% vs 8.8%0.74 ( ) Association of DTN time and Outcomes: ≤30 minutes versus >30 minutes

Potential Limitations Selection bias (voluntary registry) –Underestimates treatment delays Observational study –Unmeasured confounders Physician experience and treatment preferences Systems factors Sicker patients = longer treatment delays –Yet patients in shock treated as quickly

Conclusions Timely fibrinolytic therapy associated with better outcomes DTN time < 30 min seen < one-half patients –Delays in women, elderly, and after-hours presentations Efforts to optimize STEMI care, including regional systems, should focus on shortening reperfusion times for patients who receive primary fibrinolysis as well as those who receive primary PCI

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Potential reasons for treatment delays Delay in diagnosis –Atypical signs and symptoms –Door to ECG times, minutes Women, median 9 (IQR 4 to 14) Men, median 5 (IQR 2 to 12) System factors at small, rural hospitals –Training of emergency providers (board certification) –Variation in protocols – e.g. CXR, cardiology consultation Patient factors –Variation in provider and patient risk preferences

VariableLevelMedian25 th %75 th %p-value Presentation characteristics Systolic BP (mmHg)≥90 mmHg <90 mmHg Transported byNo <.0001 Yes Time of PresentationWeekday, day Weekday, evening Weekday, night Weekend, day Weekend, evening Weekend, night Hospital characteristics RegionWest Northeast Midwest South Type of hospitalPCI <.0001 Non-PCI

VariableMedian 25th Percentile 75th Percentile p-value (Global) Patient characteristics Age (year)< < ≥ GenderMale <.0001 Female RaceCaucasian Black Asian Hispanic Other