BIOCHEMISTRY The study of Elements and compounds In organisms

Element the most basic form of any pure material. the most basic form of any pure material. Example: Hydrogen (H) Example: Hydrogen (H) Example: Potassium (K) Example: Potassium (K) Compound A combination of elements. Many elements on earth remain bonded to other elements as compounds. Examples: H 2 O, CO 2, C 6 H 12 O 6

Macronutrients elements required in large amounts by living things. Hydrogen Hydrogen Oxygen Oxygen Carbon Nitrogen

Micronutrients Elements needed in SMALL quantities (vitamins/minerals) Elements needed in SMALL quantities (vitamins/minerals) Zinc Sodium Chlorine Iron Phosphorous Calcium Magnesium Iodine Potassium Sulfur Etc…

Organic Compound A Combination of elements found in living things. ALWAYSOrganic compounds ALWAYS contain C and H (and usually O)

FOUR MAJOR ORGANIC COMPOUNDS!!!! SUBUNIT (monomer) SUBUNIT (monomer) Monosaccharides Monosaccharides (simple sugars) (simple sugars) 3 fatty acids+ 1 glycerol 3 fatty acids+ 1 glycerol Amino acids Amino acids Nucleotides Nucleotides COMPOUND (polymer) COMPOUND (polymer) Carbohydrate Carbohydrate Lipid Lipid Protein Protein Nucleic Acid Nucleic Acid

CARBOHYDRATES Elements Elements Carbon Carbon Hydrogen Hydrogen Oxygen Oxygen (2 hydrogen:1 oxygen) (2 hydrogen:1 oxygen) Subunit (monomer) Subunit (monomer) Monosaccharide Monosaccharide

CARBOHYDRATES FUNCTION Quick Energy Quick Energy Plant Cell Walls Plant Cell Walls Exoskeletons Exoskeletons Animal Starch Animal Starch

CARBOHYDRATES EXAMPLES Monosaccharides (simple sugars) Monosaccharides (simple sugars) Glucose Glucose Fructose Fructose Lactose Lactose Sucrose Sucrose Polysaccharides Polysaccharides Starch Starch Chitin Chitin Glycogen Glycogen Cellulose Cellulose

Carbs are found in: Breads/cereals/pastas/grains (complex carbohydrates) Breads/cereals/pastas/grains (complex carbohydrates) Fruits and vegetables (complex carbs and simple sugars) Fruits and vegetables (complex carbs and simple sugars) Candy, sweets, junk food, juices, sodas (simple sugars) Candy, sweets, junk food, juices, sodas (simple sugars)

LIPIDS Subunit (monomer) Subunit (monomer) 3 fatty acids and 3 fatty acids and 1 glycerol 1 glycerol

LIPIDS function Stored Energy Stored Energy Insulation Insulation Cushions Organs Cushions Organs Regulation of reproductive system Regulation of reproductive system

LIPIDS examples Fats, oils, waxes Fats, oils, waxes Myelin sheath Myelin sheath Cell membrane Cell membrane Steroid hormones Steroid hormones

Lipids are found in: Cooking oils and grease (from vegetables and animals) Cooking oils and grease (from vegetables and animals) Fish, Meats and eggs Fish, Meats and eggs Dairy foods Dairy foods Nuts Nuts

Human adipose cells swollen with fat!!!!! Humans can grow more fat cells, but can never get rid of them!! As we gain and lose weight, they just swell and shrink. …Makes you think twice about those French fries!!!

PROTEINS Subunit Subunit Amino Acid Amino Acid There are 20 different amino acids found in nature. There are 20 different amino acids found in nature.

PROTEINS Function structure structure cell communication cell communication control chemical control chemical reaction rates fight diseases fight diseases

PROTEINS Examples Muscles Muscles Cell receptors Cell receptors Most hormones Most hormones Enzymes Enzymes Antibodies Antibodies

Proteins are found in: Meats, fish, poultry Meats, fish, poultry Nuts and beans (soy!!) Nuts and beans (soy!!) Eggs, milk and dairy products. Eggs, milk and dairy products. tofu

NUCLEIC ACIDS Subunit Subunit Nucleotide Nucleotide Phosphate Nitrogenous base Sugar (5C)

NUCLEIC ACIDS Examples DNA DNA Deoxyribonucleic acid Deoxyribonucleic acid RNA RNA Ribonucleic acid Ribonucleic acid

NUCLEIC ACIDS Function Instructions for: Instructions for: Traits Traits Protein synthesis Protein synthesis Enzymes Enzymes

Nucleic Acids are : NOT FOUND IN FOODS!!! NOT FOUND IN FOODS!!! They must be synthesized in the body! They must be synthesized in the body!

Let’s Play “Which compound is it?” Which compound does the picture represent? (carbs, lipids, nucleic acids or proteins) 1 point for your team Which compound does the picture represent? (carbs, lipids, nucleic acids or proteins) 1 point for your team then, roll the dice…if you get… then, roll the dice…if you get… 1, 2 or 3 = name a use in the body (if your picture was food) OR name a food (if your picture was of a use in the body). (3 more points for your team) 4, 5 or 6 = name the monomer that makes it up (4 more points for your team)

CHEMICAL REACTIONS

CATALYST A CATALYSTis a chemical thatSPEEDS UP a chemical reaction WITHOUT beingCHANGED by that reaction!

ENZYMES - Enzymes ARE protein catalysts! - So…Enzymes SPEED UP chemical reactions in our bodies WITHOUT being changed in that reaction! - Enzymes are reused many times before the body gets rid of them.

There are OODLES of Enzymes!! Each ENZYME is specific to its SUBSTRATE. Most enzyme names end in –ase!

Enzyme Activity Called the enzyme- substrate complex

Enzyme Action… again

Denature: Extreme conditions can cause enzymes to denature, or change shape. Based on what you know about enzyme function, how does this change of shape impact how enzymes work? NormalDenatured

Factors affecting Enzymes: 1.TEMPERATURE Increasing temperature generally increases the rate of enzyme activity (speeds up how they work on substrates) too HIGH of a temperature will denature enzymes NOT too LOW of a temperature will ONLY SLOW DOWN their function…NOT denature them!

Factors affecting Enzymes: 2.CONCENTRATION (amount of enzyme or substrate) 1. If there are 10 pizzas to deliver and ONE delivery guy…how fast do you get your pizza (assuming you are last on the list)? 2. What if there are 10 pizzas to be delivered (you are last again) and there are 5 delivery people working? 3. What if there are 10 pizzas to be delivered and 10 delivery people? 4. Okay….now there are 20 pizzas and 10 delivery people? Can the delivery people work any faster? How does this scenario relate to enzyme and substrate concentration?

Factors affecting enzymes: 3. pH (percent hydrogen in a solution) pH measures acidity or basicness of a solution pH measures acidity or basicness of a solution Acid low pH (0 – 6.9) Neutral Neutral (pH of 7.0) (pH of 7.0) Basic Basic high pH high pH ( ) 0 714

pH, continued… Each enzyme is designed to work in a certain pH range. PH is TOO LOW or TOO HIGH, Enzyme denatures. pH Relative rate of enzyme action Gastric protease Intestinal protease

BIOCHEMISTRY!!