Gary A. Bulla, Ph.D. Bio General Biology If you are a biology major- don’t take this course!

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If you have Microsoft Powerpoint: -You can print out the lectures 6 slides /page To print- 1. Select File- Print 2. In the pop-up window, select… Slides Handouts Pure black and white “6” slides per page OK

Scientific study of life Lays the foundation for asking basic questions about life and the natural world Chapter 1Concepts & Methods in Biology Biology-

What Is Life? 1.Capture and use of ______ and raw materials 2.Sense and respond to the _______________ 3.Capacity to grow, __________, and develop 4.Tendency to ________ Why Study Biology? To learn how organisms are constructed, how they function, where they live, and what they do To help you develop, modify, and refine your ideas about life

Molecules of Life Four macromolecules of life: –_____________ (DNA, RNA) –_____________ –____________ (fat)

Basic Unit of Life - The Cell Molecule Organelle _____- the smallest unit having the capacity to ____ and ___________ Multicelled Organism _________ Population __________ Ecosystem __________ Complexity

Interdependencies Among Organisms 1. ________- Make their own food 2. _________- Depend on energy stored in tissues of producers 3.__________ -Break down remains and wastes Fig. 1.6, p. 7

Nothing Lives Without Energy Energy = Capacity to do _______ _____________ = Reactions by which cells acquire and use energy to grow, survive, and reproduce

Diversity of Life Millions of living species (millions extinct) Classification scheme attempts to organize this diversity Two-part naming system (devised by Carolus ________________) –First name is _______ (plural, genera) Homo sapiens - genus is Homo –Second name is _________ within genus K_____ P_____ C_____ O_____ G_____ S_____ Taxa

Archaea and bacteria are ___________(no nucleus). The ________ includes at least four kingdoms: Fig ______- Protists _______ _________ The three ________are the _ ____________________.

change in structure of ____ Basis for the variation in heritable traits Most are _____________ Adaptive Trait trait that gives the individual an advantage in _______ or _________________ Evolution Genetically based change in a line of descent over _______ Population changes, not ______________ Natural Selection Differential _____________ and reproduction Mutation

Scientific Method ________ phenomenon Develop __________ Make ____________ Devise _____ of predictions Carry out test and ________ results OHPTA Oh, How Peter Talks Away

__________: Eagles, swallows, and robins have feathers ___________: All birds have feathers Example Drawing a specific conclusion based on a generalization –Generalization - Birds have feathers –Example - Eagles are birds –Conclusion - Eagles have feathers Deductive Logic

Experimental Design _________group a must!! –A standard for comparison –____________ to experimental group except for ____________ being studied Sampling error –________________ sample skews results –Minimize by using ________________ How do you test your prediction?

Fig. 1.10, p. 12 CONTROL GROUP The variable being tested is absent EXPERIMENTAL GROUP The variable being tested is present Draw samples from some aspect of nature Compile results Compare and analyze the test results Report on experimental design, test results, and conclusions drawn from results

A hypothesis that has been tested for its predictive power many times and has not yet been found __________ Scientific Theory Big question- Can we use viruses that attack bacteria (bacteriophages) to fight infections? Example- Experiment 1 Hypothesis - Bacteriophages can protect mice against infectious bacteria Prediction - Mice injected with bacteriophages will not die as a result of bacterial injection

Experimental group Inject with bacteria and bacteriophage Control group Inject with bacteria and saline Experiment 1 - Test Experimental group - All mice lived Control group- All mice died Results Bacteriophage injections protect mice against bacterial infections Conclusion

Prediction - Bacteriophage injections will be more effective treatment than single dose of the antibiotic streptomycin Test - Mice injected with bacteria, then with saline, streptomycin, or bacteriophage Experiment 1 - Test When 2nd injection was: –Bacteriophage - 11 of 12 mice lived –60mg/gm streptomycin - 5 of 12 lived –100mg/gm streptomycin - 3 of 12 lived –Saline - all mice died Results Conclusion Conclusion - __________________ ___________________________

Limits of Science Scientific approach cannot provide answers to _____________ questions Cannot provide moral, aesthetic, or _________________ standards