© deSouza, Dittrich, Sharp What is Ethnography?

© deSouza, Dittrich, Sharp Ethnography Dr Xargle’s insight that earthlets come in four colours — pink, red, brown and yellow — but not, interestingly, in the colour green Form of participant observation explicitMaking the implicit explicit Regard what you see as ‘strange’

© deSouza, Dittrich, Sharp 3 Ethnography - definition Greek: 1. ethnos = nation; 2.graphein = write;  Writing a culture; An approach/ research method to allow one to gain an understanding about the informant’s point-of- view; –The main focus is on the informant’s point of view. What is and is not important, relevant, interesting, painful, exciting to the informant. Not to the researcher. –The researcher aims to gain this understanding and write about it. Writing is as important as everything else.

© deSouza, Dittrich, Sharp Ethnography’s hallmark is the notion of participant observation, the idea that you learn about other people's cultural practices by going there, being there, and by doing it with them. Most traditional anthropologists who would consider themselves to be ethnographers have spent years living in other cultures with people, and not just watching what they do, but actually doing it too 4

© deSouza, Dittrich, Sharp 5 “Ethnography comes out of anthropology. Anthropology would be the study of people and culture at a pretty broad level. Ethnography is about trying to make sense of people, not as individual personalities, not in a psychological sense, and not as societal movements, but as people embedded in what Clifford Getz used to call "webs of significance." It's thinking about people from the multiple ways in which they identify themselves, in a very holistic way.” (Genevieve Bell, May 2004).

© deSouza, Dittrich, Sharp Why should we care? –Ethnography allows us to understand the informant’s culture including his values, beliefs, power relations, myths, and, what is relevant to us, work practices –To design, develop, build, evaluate (and sell) solutions that are useful –To provide insight to improve practice –Ethnography considered harmful Crabtree, A., Rodden, T., Tolmie, P. and Button, G. (2009) ‘Ethnography considered harmful’, in Proceedings of CHI 09, 879 – 888.

© deSouza, Dittrich, Sharp 7 Ethnography - History Bronislaw Malinowski’s “Argonauts of the Western Pacific” –The modern approach for field studies. Field studies should be in the field, not in a library as done before; –Focus on exotic, “primitive” cultures, on understanding institutions, costumes and daily life;

© deSouza, Dittrich, Sharp 8 Ethnography - History Chicago School of Sociology – 30’s to 60’s –Broad research program focusing on urban north- american life [Dourish, 2004 pag. 60]; –Lead to several studies of marginalized [sub]-cultures: drug addicts, prisioners, etc. Specific aspects of work including medical school students, nurses, policeman, teachers, etc. –This is relevant because it introduced a concern with work practices, with how work is carried out by social actors. This eventually lead to the adoption of ethnography in the study of use, design, development, and deployment of computational tools [Dourish, 2004 p60].

© deSouza, Dittrich, Sharp Ethnography - History In HCI / CSCW, Suchman’s “Plans and Situated Actions” (1987) –A critique to the AI planning model; –The planning model was embedded in the design of computational devices (in the UI);

© deSouza, Dittrich, Sharp 10 Examples of Ethnography in HCI/ CSCW John Hughes, Bentley, Randall, Rodden, and others from Lancaster: air-traffic controllers; Julian Orr (1996): copy- machine technicians; Bowers, Button and Sharrock (1995): printing machines; Nardi (1990): spreadsheet users; Heath and Luff (1992): London Underground controllers; And several others.

© deSouza, Dittrich, Sharp Ethnography in Software Engineering Ethnographic studies as a resource Understanding users and their activities Embedded into methods Coherence (Viller and Sommerville)

© deSouza, Dittrich, Sharp Ethnography of Software Engineering Software Engineering as Cooperative Work Artificial Intelligence as Craftwork. On occurred practices in software engineering. The user as a Scenic Feature. Multi Organisational Middleware Development... Why is it difficult to research software engineering? Software engineering is a highly skilled practice Software is not visible as such Software development is coordinated via ‘texts’ only

© deSouza, Dittrich, Sharp Ethnography in Software Engineering Research A study on maintenance work (Singer et al) Ethnography on agile development (Sharp et al) Configuration Management (Grinter) Research on distributed development (DeSouza, Singer, and more) Usage-oriented development practices (Dittrich et al) But it’s often not only ethnography

© deSouza, Dittrich, Sharp Why Ethnography is Difficult to Apply in Software Engineering Researching ‘up’. Engineering is not only about understanding but about deploying the understanding for improvement. It is not only the research community that expects improvements: We expect that ourselves, as well as the people we research with. We get involved with ethics in a different sense than pure social scientists.... And what about publishing Ethnography in SE?...

© deSouza, Dittrich, Sharp Suitable research questions ‘How do software practitioners develop systems using XP?’ rather than ‘Is single programmer coding more productive than pair programming?’ ‘Why don’t Financial mathematicians adhere to a company manual of software development practice?’ rather than ‘Does structuring the manual in this way help financial mathematicians produce more lines of code an hour?’ ‘What are the characteristics of a technology adoption?’ rather than ‘How did the ideas of Simula develop into Java?’

© deSouza, Dittrich, Sharp Practical Exercise 16 This exercise will be a chance to start working with some real data collected by one of the presenters Read the transcript (5-10 mins) Write down up to 6 impressions you have from the data (10-15 mins) Work in pairs if you like