Unit One Prof Ruth Ronan Historical Development Coming to America

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 2 General Information Hello Class, I want to remind you that I am here to assist you with any questions you have about the class. Feel free to contact me via or via aim ronankaplan during office hours T 4:30-5:30pm & Th 4:15-5:15 pm EST or by using my virtual office. If necessary, we can arrange for a phone conference.

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 3 General Information Class will start shortly until then hold an open discussion and get to know your classmates. During the seminar if I do not answer your question please do not feel I am ignoring you or I do not like you. Sometimes the seminars move very fast and I did see the question. I assure you I will always be available to answer your questions. Any Questions before we begin?

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 4 English and Colonial Officers of the Law Sheriff From the term shire reeve – shire meaning “county” and reeve meaning “agent of the king” Basic source of rural crime control Posse Comitatus

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 5 English and Colonial Officers of the Law Constable Traced back to Anglo-Saxon times Variety of duties, including collecting taxes, supervising highways, and serving as magistrate Constable faced disintegration in the colonies Untrained and believed to be inadequate as officials of the law

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 6 English and Colonial Officers of the Law Coroner Elected office Inquest Determine the cause of death Debate over qualifications Justice of the Peace (JP) As far back as 1195 in England

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 7 English and Colonial Officers of the Law In colonies, JP s were elected to office and given jurisdiction in both civil and criminal cases Common complaint is that the JP operates in collusion with police The office has declined

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 8 The Old English System of Policing American policing can be traced back to English heritage Frankpledge system Constable was the first police official with law enforcement responsibility greater than protecting neighbors Office of constable declined around 1689

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 9 The Old English System of Policing Corruption of the JPs also led to the decline of the old system Early system was voluntary and informal Growth of large cities, crime, and civil disobedience required that the system be changed

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 10 Policing in Colonial America Colonies were free of crime as settlers were busy carving out a farm and a living Only two crime waves during the 1600s Law enforcement was given low priority Middle to late eighteenth century saw massive social and political unrest

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 11 Legacies of the Colonial Period Colonists committed to local policing Theory of government called republicanism Onset of the theory of crime prevention Henry Fielding “thief takers”

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 12 Legacies of the Colonial Period John Fielding Bow Street Runners Patrick Colquhoun Focused on police reform Police should maintain the public order, prevent and detect crime, and correct bad manners and morals Notion of proactive policing

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 13 Police Reform in England and America, Urbanization and industrialization brought about changes in policing in both countries Sir Robert Peel Metropolitan Police Act of 1829 Stressed prevention London Metropolitan Police

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 14 Police Reform in England and America, Not well received by the people of London “Peel’s principles of policing” Many are still relevant to today’s police community

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 15 Policing Comes to the United States: The Political Era, 1840s to 1930s Americans saw Peel’s success Reform movement began in New York in 1836 Reform efforts were dormant until 1841 Police were placed under the control of city government and city politicians Mayor chose recruits

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 16 Early Issues and New Traditions Three important issues in American policing 1.Police uniforms Police did not want to wear uniforms New York City refused to rehire any officer not wanting to wear a uniform

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 17 Early Issues and New Traditions 2.Police officers carrying firearms Public viewed armed police with suspicion 3.Use of force Necessary and commonplace for American officers

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 18 Meanwhile, on the American Front Ethnic groups fought for resources and fought each other Four groups assumed responsibility for law enforcement 1.Private citizens 2.U. S. Marshals 3.Businessmen 4.Town police officers

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 19 The Reform Era: 1900s to 1980s Reformers sought to reject political involvement by the police Civil service systems were created Scientific theory of administration Frederick Taylor Emphasis on production and unity of control

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 20 The Era of August Vollmer Modus operandi Value of scientific knowledge in criminal investigations Police school Leading proponent of police professionalism Insulate the policed from politics

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 21 The Crime Fighter Image O. W. Wilson Police role was redefined and the crime fighter image gained popularity Professionalism came to mean a combination of managerial efficiency and technological sophistication and an emphasis on crime fighting Social work aspects were gone

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 22 The Wickersham Commission Completed the first national study of crime and criminal justice Made many recommendations leading to professionalism in policing Police salaries, working conditions, adequate training, use of policewomen, crime prevention units

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 23 William H. Parker A firm believer in professional crime fighters Transformed LAPD Administrative reorganization Thin blue line

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 24 A Retreat from the Professional Model 1960s Few inquiries concerning police functions and methods to this point Police resisted outside scrutiny No need to challenge traditional methods Five national commissions attempted to examine police methods during the 1960s and 1970s

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 25 A Retreat from the Professional Model President’s Crime Commission Widely cited Brought policing full circle, back to principles laid out by Robert Peel Focus on community relations

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 26 The Community Era: 1980s to Present Redesign jobs based on motivators Team policing Poorly planned Mid-management personnel threatened Foot patrol became popular Problem-oriented approach to policing

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 27 The Three Generations of COPPS 1. Innovation From 1979 through 1986 Herman Goldstein, James Q. Wilson, George L. Kelling Small-scale experiments provided a source of innovative ideas for others

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 28 The Three Generations of COPPS 2. Diffusion From 1987 through 1994 Community policing adopted quickly Generally limited to large- and medium- sized cities Targeted drugs and fear of crime Emphasis on evaluating outcomes

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 29 The Three Generations of COPPS 3. Institutionalization Began in 1995 and continues today 68% of nation’s police agencies adopted community policing Federal grant money

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 30 Unit 2 Review Key Terms Read Chapter 2 & 3 in Policing America Attend the Weekly Seminar Respond to the discussion board Complete and Submit Project 1 Take the Quiz Visit Take A Break! Web Field Trip PowerPoint Presentation Video

Policing America, 6 th edition Kenneth Peak © 2009 Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ All Rights Reserved. 31 Remember…. If you have any questions, please contact me during office hours me Virtual office There are no stupid questions!