Normal Faults Extensional Tectonics. Tectonic Settings for Extension Divergent plate motions Gravitational collapse –Over-thickened crust –Continental.

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Presentation transcript:

Normal Faults Extensional Tectonics

Tectonic Settings for Extension Divergent plate motions Gravitational collapse –Over-thickened crust –Continental margins Salt Domes

Extensional Tectonics

Divergent Boundary Normal Faults, rifts

Continental Extension

Divergent Boundaries Continental Plate Separation East African Rift Valley Somali Subplate African Plate Parallel valleys; volcanoes and earthquakes.

Rifts Bounded by normal faults

Back Arc extension

Extension of the lithosphere 1

Extension of the lithosphere 2

Lithospheric Extension Thinning of the lithosphere Normal faulting at the surface High heat flow (rinsing of the isotherms) Thermal subsidence - > sedimentary basins

North Sea Extensional Basin

Pure shear vs. simple shear systems

Gravitational Collapse of Mt. Belts

Basin and Range Province

New Mountains-Active Fault –Basin and Range Province

Two modes of extension

Sandbox- Block rotation Sand above plasticine

Block Rotation

Domino block rotation in the Basin and Range

Listric (curved) Faults- roll over anticlines

Small roll-overs

Sedimentation during faulting Growth faulting AnimationAnimation by R. Allmendinger

Curved faults – Block rotation Growth Strata 3 km 0

Gulf of Mexico

Passive Margin

Gulf of Mexico Salt

Extension Above Salt Diapir

Transfer zone in a rift

Older faults rotate and become inactive New faults cross-cut them Result= large magnitude extension Successive generations of normal faults