AP Human Geography Unit 6: Concepts of Development Copeland

What determines economic development (factors)? Resources Population Colonial status Geographic Location Climate

What does development look like?

How is development measured? Gross Domestic Product Per Capita –aka GDP per capita –value of goods and services produced within a country within a given year –Other similar measures include GNP (broader value), PPP –Usually calculated in US dollars to allow comparisons between countries

Measuring Development Gross Domestic Product per Capita ($) High human development25,167 Medium human development 1,237 Low human development358

Gross Domestic Product ($) High Human Development

Gross Domestic Product ($) Medium Human Development

Gross Domestic Product ($) Low Human Development

How is development measured? Occupational Structure of the Workforce/Economic Activities –PRIMARY (agriculture) –SECONDARY (industry) –TERTIARY (services) –QUATERNARY –QUINARY

How is development measured? Rates –Literacy –Infant mortality –Caloric intake –Natural increase –Inflation

Occupational Structure –China GDP $1,100 –agriculture 49%, industry 22%, services 29% –Australia GDP $32,000 –agriculture 3.7%, industry 26.4%, services 70% –Philippines GDP $5,100 –agriculture 36%, industry 16%, services 48%

Occupational Structure –Luxembourg GDP $59,143 –Agriculture 1%, industry 30%, services 69% –Singapore GDP $21,492 –agriculture 0%, industry 30%, services 70% –Equatorial Guinea GDP $5,900 –agriculture 20%, industry 60%, services 20%

Occupational Structure –Haiti GDP $346 –Agriculture 32%, industry 20%, services 48% –Malawi GDP $156 –agriculture 37%, industry 29%, services 34%

Other Measures of Development Unemployment Rate The number of people who (in a given year) were not working but were available for work, able to work (mentally and physically) and had taken steps to seek work. (U.S.-must have been seeking employment within the last three months to be considered unemployed.) ***News Flash-despite what you have heard recently regarding the decrease in the unemployment rate in the United States, there isn’t one. The decrease has a lot to do with people giving up in their search for employment.

A Better Measurement than Unemployment Rate Labor Force Participation Rate 63% of U.S. Population (94 million not participating) Why do many economists predict that the number of those not participating will only grow? (Observe the Laffer Curve) Why can’t the government provide jobs?

Other Measures of Development Telephone Lines Number of subscriber lines (business and residential) plus public telephones per 100 inhabitants. This series is calculated by dividing the number of main lines by the population, and multiplying by 100. *Not as important given the recent access to cell phones

Other Measures of Development Undernourished The percentage of the population whose food intake falls below the minimum requirement needed to meet dietary energy requirements on a regular basis.

Other Measures of Development Television Receivers Number of television receivers and/or number of licenses issued per thousand inhabitants. Water Resources per Capita Average amount of water that is available per person from rivers and groundwater each year.

Human Development Index Created by the United Nations Measures three types of factors: economic, social, and demographic –Economic factor selected GDP per capita –Social factors are literacy and amount of education –Demographic factor is life expectancy Factors combined for a maximum of 1.0 or 100% 2011: Norway #1 with.943

Concepts of Development Developed vs underdeveloped Developing? LDC vs MDC

Core Periphery Model Scholars argued for this new approach Sensitive to geographical differences and the relationships among development processes occurring in different places Focuses on economic relationships –Core –Periphery –Semi periphery * Remember this model/world systems theory of development was introduced by Immanuel Wallerstein

Core Periphery Model Core Regions –High levels of socioeconomic prosperity –Dominant players in global economic game  Anglo America HDI.94  Japan and the South Pacific HDI.93  Western Europe HDI.92

Core Periphery Model Periphery –Poor regions –Dependent on the core and semiperiphery –Do not have much control over their own affairs  Middle East HDI.66  South Asia HDI.58  Sub Saharan Africa HDI.47

Core Periphery Model Semi Periphery –Regions that exert more power than periphery regions –Dominated to some degree by core  Eastern Europe HDI.78  Latin America HDI.78  East Asia HDI.72  Southeast Asia HDI.71

The North South Divide Based on the 1980’s Brandt Report. Suggested a simplified world contrast of development and undevelopment based on degree of industrialization and per capita wealth.

Theory of Development Liberal Theory –All countries are capable of development –Economic disparities are a result of short term inefficiencies in local or regional market forces

Theory of Development Structuralist Theory –Regional disparities are a structural feature of the global economy –Things have come to be organized or structured in a way that cannot be changed easily (“Some countries have and others have not”…Sorry its just the way it is)

Modernization Model *KNOW THIS Walt Rostow, 1950’s Liberal model Development through international trade Suggests that all countries follow a similar path through economic development –Traditional –Preconditions to takeoff –Takeoff –Drive to maturity –High mass consumption

Traditional Not yet started development High % of people engaged in subsistence agriculture High % of wealth allocated to ‘nonproductive activities’ such as religion and military Rigid and unchanging social structure Resistence to technological change

Preconditions of Takeoff An elite group initiates innovative economic activity Country begins investing in new technology and infrastructure Stimulate increase in productivity Progressive leadership

Takeoff Rapid growth facilitated by a limited number of economic activities Some sectors of the economic structure remain dominated by traditional practices Industrialization, urbanization, mass production

Drive to Maturity Modern technology diffuses to wide variety of industries Industries experience rapid growth similar to the early takeoff industries Workers become more skilled and specialized Modernization in the core Population growth declines

High Mass Consumption Economy shifts from production of heavy industry such as steel and energy to consumer goods like refrigerators and motor vehicles High incomes Widespread production of a variety of goods and services Majority of workers in service sector of economy

An Alternative to Rostow’s Model: Dependency Theory Structuralist alternative to Rostow’s model Political and economic relationships between countries and regions control and limit the economic development of less well off regions Dependency helps sustain the prosperity of the dominant regions and the poverty of the lesser regions

Dependency Theory Little hope for economic prosperity in regions and countries that have traditionally been dominated by external power Based on generalizations that pay little attention to regional differences in culture, politics, and society (colonization) *Once colonized countries are never able to get out of the shadow of their colonizers.

Colonization of Africa

Why do LDC’s face obstacles to development? These countries lack the ability to be self- sufficient. They have very little or nothing of value to trade to core countries. They have already been drained by colonizers or core countries in some way. Because they have nothing of value to trade, MDCs are reluctant to invest.