Bell Ringer Turn to p. 570 and read the quotation by John Lewis. Could you have endured what the lunch-counter protesters did without running away or defending yourself? What motivated Lewis to suffer the abuse?

Chapter 19; Section 2 The Struggle Intensifies The Civil Rights Movement

sit-in Form of protest in which protesters seat themselves and refuse to move; sometimes used by civil rights demonstrators as a means of peaceful protest.

Freedom Ride Civil rights protest in which a racially mixed group of protesters challenged racially segregated bus terminals.

Albany Movement Year-long campaign of protest marches started in October 1961 by a group of black Americans in Albany, Georgia.

Main Idea The tactics of nonviolent protest, including sit-ins and boycotts, challenged segregation and brought change, but also generated violent confrontation.

We Shall Overcome 4:52 minutes

Sit Ins Challenge Segregation  CORE created the sit-in in 1943 to desegregate Jack Spratt Coffee House (Chicago) -popular form of protest in 1960s -tactic worked because business owners were forced to decide between customers or lose business

Sit Ins, cont.  arrest was considered a “badge of honor” from a sit-in -1961: 70,000 students participated 3,600 arrested

Signs like this one were clear indications of how institutionalized segregation was in the South.

Q: Why was the sit-in often a successful tactic? It forced business owners to decide between serving the protesters or risking a disruption of business

John Salter, jr., Joan Trumpauer and Anne Moody (l to r) held a sit-in at a Jackson, Mississippi lunch counter in May A hostile crowd responded by pouring food on the three activists.

 Boynton v. Virginia declared in 1960 that bus station waiting rooms and restaurants serving interstate travelers could not be segregated  CORE and SNCC carried out Freedom Rides in Goal was to test southern states to see if they would obey the new laws The Freedom Rides

Freedom Rides 5:03 minutes

Violence Greets the Riders  May 4, 1961 – first ride – 13 riders --7 blacks; 6 whites --some hostility at first --by second week, riders were severely beaten, a bus was burned --considered stopping but knew that the movement must continue

A “Freedom Bus” in flames, six miles southwest of Anniston, Alabama. May 14, 1961

Q: How did the federal government respond to the bus firebombing? Attorney General Robert Kennedy sent federal marshals to protect the Freedom Riders and pressured the Interstate Commerce Commission to issue a ruling prohibiting segregation in all interstate transportation. The Justice Department sued local communities that did not comply.

Q: How many states did the Freedom Riders pass through? What kind of opposition did they face? A: Six states; beatings and a firebombing

The Albany Movement  October 1961; a group of black Americans in Albany, GA began a year- long campaign of protest marches -called for desegregation of bus terminals -MLK, Jr. tried to help -movement fizzled by 1962 because police chief Laurie Pritchett kept rights violations out of the public eye

Integration at “Ole Miss”  September James Meredith (black USAF vet) wanted to transfer from Jackson State College to the all- white University of Mississippi (“Ole Miss”)

 Supreme Court upheld Meredith’s claim that he was denied admission because of his race --Governor refused and blocked him --Angry white protesters rioted -- Marshalls called in; tear gas fired --2 killed; hundreds injured --JFK sent army troops

Chief U.S. Marshal James McShane, left, and an unidentified marshal at right escort James Meredith, center with briefcase, to the University of Mississippi campus in Oxford, Mississippi, on October 2, Meredith, was the first black student to attend the University of Mississippi after integration

Clash in Birmingham  Rev. Fred Shuttlesworth; head of Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights (Birmingham, AL) -invited MLK, Jr. to city in April 1963 *Boycotts and church integration planned *Police commissioner Eugene “Bull” Connor stated he had “plenty of room in the jail.”

“Fill the Jails” 3:33 minutes

Birmingham Crisis  MLK, Jr. arrested  wrote letter from jail defending his tactics after being criticized  released on bail after one week  decided to allow children to join

 over 900 children arrested  high-pressure fire hoses used against marchers  violently trained police dogs brought out to attack  protesters beaten and taken to jail

Q: How did local police often treat non-violent protesters? With violence.

The Nation Watches  TV cameras showed the scenes

Q: How did the Birmingham crisis end? City facilities were desegregated, fairer hiring practices were instituted and an interracial committee was established to help with communication