Intro: What is a Macromolecule? Organic molecules all contain Carbon. They are huge molecules called polymers and are subdivided into their basic units called monomers.

Macromolecules are made of many small subunits bonded together. –Monomers are the individual subunits. –Polymers are made of many monomers.

Carbon is the skeleton of all organic molecules! Carbon forms covalent bonds with up to four other atoms, including other carbon atoms. Carbon-based molecules have three general types of structures.

CARBOHYDRATES

Carbohydrates: Carbon, Hydrogen, Oxygen CHO

Carbohydrates Small sugar molecules large starch molecules Small sugar molecules to large starch molecules.

Carbohydrates Monosaccharide: one sugar unit glucose ( glucose (C 6 H 12 O 6 ) is blood sugar glucose YUM!

Disaccharide: two sugar units glucoseglucose

Polysaccharide: many sugar units Polysaccharide: many sugar units Starch! glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose glucoseglucose cellulose

Carbohydrate Function - Used for Energy - Some provide structure

Carbohydrate Examples Monosaccharides Glucose - Blood Sugar Deoxyribose - In DNA Fructose - Fruit Sugar Galactose - Milk Sugarglucose

Disaccharide: two sugar unit Examples: –Maltose (glucose+glucose) in malt –Sucrose (glucose+fructose) is sugar –Lactose (glucose+galactose) in milk glucoseglucose

Polysaccharide: many sugar units Examples: starch (rice, potatoes, cereal) glycogen (starch in the liver) cellulose (lettuce, wood, fibers) glucose glucose cellulose cotton

Lipids

Lipid Facts: Fats and oils are neutral, non-polar. Not soluble in water.

A Neutral Fat is a Triglyceride 3 Tails of Fatty Acid are attached to One glycerol molecule. Fork-like shape: Lipid Structure:

This is a model of 1 triglyceride (don’t write this).

(Lipid monomers)

Saturated Fatty Acid Unsaturated Fatty Acid How are oils different from fats? Solid fat Liquid oil

Saturated Fat Facts Saturated fats are solid at room temp. Fats come from animals. All Carbons are “saturated” with Hydrogen “Hydrogenated oils”

Unsaturated Fats/OIL Facts Some C=C bonds Less Hydrogen, some Carbons are unsaturated with H. Liquid at room temp. Oils come from plants

Lipid Functions Six Functions of Lipids: 1. Long term energy storage 2. Insulation against heat loss (blubber) 3. Shock absorption 4. Prevents water loss 5. Chemical messengers ( steroid hormones) 6. Major component in membranes (phospholipids)

Lipid Examples 1.Fats 2.Oils 3.Waxes (bees wax) 4.Phospholipids (cell membranes) 5.Steroids and cholesterol

Proteins

Proteins (Polypeptides) -Amino acids: 20 different types -Bonded together by a peptide bond to make polypeptides

Protein Examples ENZYMES!!!! Hemoglobin - in your blood Muscles

Nucleic Acids

-Two Types: - Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA - double helix) - Ribonucleic acid (RNA - single strand) - Nucleic acids are composed of long chains of nucleotides

- Nucleotides make up DNA - DNA stores genetic information - RNA builds proteins