Modeling plants and global environmental change

Slides:



Advertisements
Similar presentations
Plant Physiology 2- Photosynthesis. photosynthesis Photo means ‘light’ and synthesis means ‘to make’ Process in which plants convert carbon dioxide and.
Advertisements

Cereal Crops Rice, Maize and Sorghum.
University of Khartoum Institute of Environmental Sciences Dip/ M
C4 has two features that are advantages in warm, dry
Biogeochemical Cycles
CHAPTER 3 THE BIOSPHERE.
I. Photorespiration II. CO 2 concentrating mechanisms - variation on the “C3” photosynthetic metabolism.
Course goals 1)Have you develop a firm understanding of the concepts and mechanisms of ecosystem ecology; 2)Have you enhance your understanding of how.
CO 2 fertilization (increased water use efficiency). Plants take in carbon dioxide and lose water vapor through small pores in their leaves called stomata.
Milankovitch Theory of Climate Change The Earth changes its: a)orbit (eccentricity), from ellipse to circle at 100,000 year cycles, b)wobble (precession),
3)What makes a species invasive? b) Environmental Change Hypothesis Global Changes Increasing atmospheric CO 2 Keeling & Whorf (2004) CDIAC.
Aseel Samaro Exploring the role of stomata.  Plants are found in a huge range of habitats.  In order to photosynthesise, plants need a supply of.
Stomatal Conductance and Porometry
author unknown address unknown accessed unknown Photosynthesis: the Process Photosynthesis: the Process The Limits of Photosynthesis The Limits of Photosynthesis.
Plant Adaptations: C3 and C4 plants
Plant material: 8-year-old saplings of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karsten) were exposed for three growing.
Climate and the Carbon Cycle Gretchen Keppel-Aleks California Institute of Technology 16 October 2010.
RECYCLING IN THE BIOSPHERE Biogeochemical Cycles: 1. water cycle 2. carbon cycle 3. nitrogen cycle 4. phosphorus.
ECOSYSTEM RECYCLING Material Cycles. As energy & matter move through ecosystem matter must be recycle and reused Types of Cycle 1. Carbon & Oxygen Cycles.
Plant physiological responses to precipitation in the Amazon forest, an isotopic approach Universidade de São Paulo: Jean Pierre Ometto; Luiz Martinelli;
Soil-Vegetation-Atmosphere Transfer (SVAT) Models
1 UIUC ATMOS 397G Biogeochemical Cycles and Global Change Lecture 15: Biosphere and Nutrients Don Wuebbles Department of Atmospheric Sciences University.
Calculating Optimal Root to Shoot Ratio to Balance Transpiration with Water Uptake Rate and Maximize Relative Growth Rate. Dr. Vincent P. Gutschick, Dept.
Define and differentiate between density- dependent and density-independent limiting factors Explain why ecosystems require a constant input of energy.
Environmental Factors & the Rate of Photosynthesis.
Ecosystems Section 3 Ecology 4.3 Notes. Ecosystems Section 3 Objectives Describe each of the biogeochemical cycles.
Carbon Cycle Gr 9 Science. Carbon Cycle Fourth most abundant element in universe Building block of all living things Main Pathway– in and out of living.
C3 Plants C4 Plants CAM Plants Heterotrophic Plants
Chapter 3 The Biosphere Section 3-3; pages 74-80
Bellringer.
CYCLING OF MATTER.
By: Karl Philippoff Major: Earth Sciences
Cycles of Matter In an Hour or Less!!!!. Recycling in the Biosphere  Unlike the one-way flow of energy, matter is recycled within and between ecosystems.
Chapter I can explain how energy regulates the amount and sizes of trophic levels. 1. I can describe the fundamental relationship between autotrophs,
Plant water regime Regulation of gas exchange by stomatal opening –Stomatal limitation of transpiration rate and photosynthetic rate –Water use efficiency.
Gaseous exchange systems Biology 2: Form and Function.
Chapter 5 Section 2 The Cycling of Materials. Objectives List the three stages of the carbon cycle. Describe where fossil fuels are located. Identify.
Lesson Overview 3.4 Cycles of Matter. Recycling in the Biosphere How does matter move through the biosphere?
Material Cycles Ecosystem recycling.
Gas Exchange in Plants SBI 3U. Plants need Oxygen too. Plants obtain the gases they need through their leaves. They require oxygen for respiration and.
Biogeochemical Cycles
» CARBON CYCLE: Carbon is cycled between the atmosphere, land, water & organisms.
Variations in Photosynthesis Lecture 9 Fall 2008.
Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. All rights reserved. ResourcesChapter menu Section 2 The Cycling of Materials Objectives List the three stages.
1390 ±190 GTC 4000 GTC VEGETATION SOIL & DETRITUS FOSSIL FUEL OCEAN SURFACE 960± 60 GTC INTERMEDIATE & DEEP OCEAN ± 2000 GTC SEDIMENT 150 GTC ATMOSPHERE.
Activity #18: Cycles of Matter. EQ How do Earth’s biotic and abiotic factors interact to shape ecosystems and affect the survival of organisms over time?
Date: Monday, June 29 th 2015 Topic: Oxygen in Nature / Oxygen Cycle Objective: To fathom the importance of Oxygen and to identify the five stages of the.
How Ecosystems WorkSection 2 Section 2: The Cycling of Materials Preview Bellringer Objectives The Carbon Cycle How Humans Affect the Carbon Cycle The.
Unit 2: System Earth E2.1 The Earth is a system consisting of four major interacting components: geosphere (crust, mantle, core); hydrosphere (water);
Chapter 5: The Chemistry of Life. Biogeochemical Cycles A biogeochemical cycle is the complete path a chemical takes through the four major components.
The Earth and The Carbon Cycle By: Angela Woodall- chem 106.
The Greenhouse Effect IB Topic 5.2. The greenhouse effect is natural … It’s just intensifying due to human activity and pollution Causing the overall.
Nitrogen and Carbon Cycle Unit 4 – Nutrient Cycles in marine ecosystems.
The Use of Portable Gas Exchange Systems to Measure Plant Leaf Photosynthesis: Comparing Different Methods to Control Humidity Bailey Kramer  Dr. Tali.
Chapter 3.  Matter recycles within and b/w ecosystems  Matter moves through in cycles  Never created or destroyed- just changes form!
Lesson 5 The Flow of Matter through Ecosystems. Water, Carbon, Oxygen and Nitrogen  Living things need water, oxygen, carbon, and nitrogen to survive.
The Carbon Cycle 4 kinds of processes involved in the carbon cycle Geochemical – volcanoes releasing carbon – Biological processes – photosynthesis, respiration,
“Got Carbon?” Fixing Carbon Fixation: Transgenic Approaches
Ecology 4.3 Notes.
Section 2: The Cycling of Materials
CenUSA Bioenergy High School Curriculum Lesson 3
Plant Physiology 2- Photosynthesis
Alternatives in carbon fixation Page
K Emittance at 6000K (106 W m-2 μm-1) 50 Emittance at 288K (W m-2 μm-1) K
Chapter 5 Objectives List the three stages of the carbon cycle.
Impacts of climate change on food production
Biogeochemical Cycles
THE CYCLES OF EARTH Carbon Cycle Nitrogen Cycle Water Cycle.
The Nonliving Environment
Presentation transcript:

Modeling plants and global environmental change Dr Andrew Leakey Department of Plant Biology University of Illinois at U-C leakey@illinois.edu

What is a model?

A model of the scientific method A model has two characteristics: It is a physical, mathematical, or logical representation of a system of entities, phenomena, or processes. It is always a simplified representation of the real system which it describes. A model of the scientific method

How much do I weigh? What data would inform your estimate? Height, BMI What data would help improve your accuracy? Is your estimate perfect?

Mathematical models can be either: Empirical – mathematical description of observed phenomena, but without mechanistic basis. Mechanistic – mathematical description that is based on the mechanism underlying the observed phenomena

What do we want to simulate/predict? Future CO2 concentration and temperature

What do we want to simulate/predict?

GENERAL CIRCULATION MODELS (GCMs) Components of the climate system considered: atmosphere ocean cryosphere biosphere geosphere

Physiochemical diffusion How do ecosystems play a role? The Global Carbon Cycle Atmosphere 780 GtC + 4.1 GtC yr-1 Photosynthesis 120 GtC yr-1 Fossil Fuels 8.4 GtC yr-1 Plant Respiration 59 GtC yr-1 Land use change 1.5 GtC yr-1 550 GtC Soil Respiration 58 GtC yr-1 Physiochemical diffusion 92 GtC yr-1 90 GtC yr-1 + 2.8 GtC yr-1 Soil and detritus 1500 GtC Geological reserves 5000-10000 GtC Ocean 38,000 GtC + 2.2 GtC yr-1 Based on K.L. Griffin, Columbia U. 2002; Canadell et al PNAS 2007; IPCC 2001

An example of an ecosystem model (Century) This sub-model is an example of an important empirical model in plant biology

Open stomata Closed stomata Stomata regulate how much water is lost from the leaf and how much CO2 enters the leaf.

Plants must deal with a trade-off between carbon gain and water use. Stomata regulate the exchange of CO2 and H2O vapor Stomatal conductance is a measure of how easily CO2 and H2O vapor can move through the stomata High stomatal conductance = open pores Low stomatal conductance = closed pores CO2 H2O

Ball et al.(1987) model gs = g0 + m(A.h/ca)   Where: gs is stomatal conductance g0 is a constant m is slope of line A is photosynthetic rate h is relative humidity ca is atmospheric [CO2]

y m Straight line y = b + m(x) b Ball et al. model gs = g0 + m(A.h/ca)

An example of an ecosystem model (Century) This sub-model is an example of an important mechanistic model in plant biology

How do enzymes work?

Model of leaf photosynthesis Presented by Farquhar, von Caemmerer & Berry in 1980 A is photosynthetic CO2 uptake vc is rate of carboxylation vo is rate of CO2 loss due to oxygenation Rd is rate of mitochondrial respiratory CO2 loss

{ CO2 fixation by Rubisco CO2 concentration inside the leaf Elevated CO2 stimulates photosynthesis by increasing the substrate concentration (CO2) for the carboxylation reaction of Rubisco { stimulation CO2 fixation by Rubisco Elevated CO2 Ambient CO2 CO2 concentration inside the leaf

How do we improve our modeling capability? Better understanding of mechanisms More data to parameterize (inform) models More data to test model predictions How do we achieve this? Experiments!

Soybean Free Air gas Concentration Enrichment Facility (SoyFACE) www.soyface.uiuc.edu

20 meters

Open Field vs Glasshouse Experiments

Global change experiments on crops in the field Tsukuba Rice CO2 Jiangsu Rice/Wheat CO2/N Maricopa Wheat/Sorghum CO2/H2O/N Champaign Soybean/Maize CO2/ºC/H2O KEY Location Plant Species Treatments Horsham Wheat CO2/N/H2O Fig. 1

Soybean Wheat

% change in crop yields in 2080 considering altered temperature, rainfall and socio-economics PLUS carbon dioxide fertilization of plant growth Too optimistic??!! 30

Conclusions Models allow us to simulate complex systems and make predictions about how they will operate under certain scenarios (like the future). They aren’t perfect, but they are always being improved and generate valuable predictions. Models and experimentation go hand in hand – each is more valuable when combined with the other.