1 PEN Cambodia: Presentation of Findings Sub-Regional Conference Vientiane, Laos June 2006

2 Structure of Presentation Natural Resource Dependence Drinking Water Sources (& Boiling) Sanitation Natural Disasters Mine/UXO Contamination Summary and Policy Implications

3 Overview of Key Indicators * Estimated from CSES **Estimated from a combination of CSES 2004 and the National Level 1 survey of minefields. *** This is simply the percentage of non-poor and poor living in urban areas, and therefore potentially affected by urban environmental issues such as outdoor air pollution.

4 Poverty & Natural Resource Dependence Households Engaged in Natural Resource-Dependent Activities (left); By Household Consumption Quintile in Rural Areas (right), 2004 Source: Estimated from CSES 2004.

5 Poverty & Natural Resource Dependence Source:Estimated from CSES 2004 and Seila and Danida Percentage of Communes within a Province Reporting Decreases in Natural Resources Natural Resource Decline and Rural Poverty Incidence by Zone

6 Poverty & Natural Resource Dependence Households Engaged in Natural Resource-Dependent Activities in Communes Reporting Resource Decline, By Household Consumption Quintile Source: Estimated from CSES 2004 and Seila and Danida 2005.

7 Poverty & Drinking Water Sources Source: Estimated from CSES Drinking Water Sources, Dry and Wet Season, 2004

8 Poverty & Drinking Water Sources Unsafe Drinking Water Sources, by Household Consumption Quintiles, 2004 Source: Estimated from CSES 2004.

9 Poverty & Drinking Water Sources Boiling/Treating Drinking Water, Non-Poor & Poor, by National (top-left), Household Consumption Quintile (top-right), Rural (bottom-left) and Urban (bottom-right), 2004 Source: Estimated from CSES 2004.

10 Poverty & Drinking Water Sources Boiling/Treating Drinking Water by Source, Non-Poor and Poor, 2004 Source: Estimated from CSES 2004.

11 Poverty & Sanitation Access to Basic Sanitation, 2004 Source: Estimated from CSES 2004.

12 Poverty & Sanitation Sanitation by Household Consumption Quintile, 2004 Source: Estimated from CSES 2004.

13 Poverty & Sanitation Sanitation, Rural and Urban, Non-Poor and Poor, 2004 Source: Estimated from CSES 2004.

14 Natural Disasters - Floods Households Affected by Floods in Three or More Years, 1999 to 2003, by Household Consumption Quintile Source: Estimated from CSES 2004.

15 Natural Disasters - Droughts Households Affected by Droughts in Three or More Years, 1999 to 2003, by Household Consumption Quintile Source: Estimated from CSES 2004.

16 Poverty & Mine/UXO Contamination Households Affected by Mines & Mines/Cluster Bombs, by Household Consumption Quintile Source: Estimated from CSES 2004 and National Level 1 Survey 2002.

17 Poverty & Mine/UXO Contamination Households Affected by Mine Contaminaiton that Severely Affects Access to Agricultural Land, by Household Consumption Quintile Source: Estimated from CSES 2004 and National Level 1 Survey 2002.

18 Summary & Implications: Natural Resource Dependence 1. Poor are disproportionately dependent on natural resources –And this holds true in areas reporting declines in the resource base –Poverty & resource decline most pronounced in plateau/mountain region. Policy implication: Target support of local resource management, land use planning, and agricultural and off-farm assistance in poor communes reporting resource declines 2. Natural resources provide an important safety net for the poor, but not often a pathway out of poverty Policy implication: Focus management regimes on maintaining resources and providing access for poor/vulnerable, not on industrial-level extraction –Consider targeting interventions where rapid resource extraction is either beginning, and/or the resource base is not yet highly degraded –Encourage both sustainable management and investment of extraction earnings in agricultural and off-farm opportunities (rather than even more extraction)

19 Summary & Implications: Natural Resource Dependence 3. Neither restrictive nor open access management appears to be pro-poor –Restricting access to natural resources (via concessions) takes away productive resources that the poor disproportionately depend on –“Open access” tends to benefit non-poor more than poor Poor lack the capital means (equipment, transportation) to take advantage of open access exploitation as profitably as non-poor Open access (management vacuum) is often not fully open, but rather involves paying informal fees for access—a disproportionate burden for the poor Where open access results in resource decline, poor experience greater impacts as they are more dependent on resources and have fewer livelihood alternatives Policy implication: Reform concessions to allow appropriate access for local communities. Address current management vacuum with greater support for conducting natural resource assessments, setting management priorities, and developing locally appropriate and enforceable management regimes.

20 Summary & Implications: Drinking Water Sources 4. Poor are disproportionately dependent on unsafe water sources Policy implication: In targeting drinking water provision, consider factors associated with use of unsafe sources, including poverty, no schooling, coastal and plateau/mountain regions, rural areas far from district/provincial capitals, and lack of all-weather roads. 5. Households accessing unsafe water sources are the least likely to be boiling their water Policy implication: Promote education and awareness programs to encourage boiling drinking water, targeted to households using unsafe sources.

21 Summary & Implications: Sanitation, Natural Disasters, Mine/UXO Contamination 6. Access to basic sanitation is lacking across all rural areas Policy implication: Make provision of basic sanitation in rural areas a higher national policy priority 7. Both droughts and floods show a statistically significant relationship to poverty. But whereas droughts are associated with poverty, floods are associated with not being poor. Policy implication: Make development of appropriate disaster responses to drought problems a higher national priority 8. Mine and clusterbomb contamination show a strong relationship with poverty Policy implication: Consider village poverty rates as an additional element of targeting criteria for demining

22 Thank You