The National Economy ( ) With the help of Mr. Johnson and Mr. Ellington EQ: How did industrialization affect the American People?

Era of Good Feelings (Chapter 12) James MonroeJames Monroe National Republican partyNational Republican party Nationalism following War of 1812Nationalism following War of 1812 Growing economyGrowing economy

Northern Economy: Factory System

1 st Industrial Revolution – England

2 nd Industrial Revolution – U.S.- Industrialization came to the U.S between Merchants and managers reorganized work and built factoriesMerchants and managers reorganized work and built factories –Capital investment –Management –Mass production of textiles –Wage labor Rural AmericansRural Americans ImmigrantsImmigrants Unmarried womenUnmarried women

Division of Labor Division of labor made work more efficient and lowered prices. On the downside it eroded workers’ control over the pace and conditions of work.

Part 1: The American Industrial Revolution 1D: Wageworkers and the Labor Movement Factory wage labor undercut republican ideal of a society of individual producers (self-employment) Some unions were started, but they had limited success Mill Girl, 1850 Woodworker, 1850

Lowell, Massachussetts Cradle of the American Industrial RevolutionCradle of the American Industrial Revolution Waltham System - company recruited farm women and girls as textile workers who could work for low wages. Consequences: new sense of freedom for women but work was oppressive Waltham System - company recruited farm women and girls as textile workers who could work for low wages. Consequences: new sense of freedom for women but work was oppressive

Immigration and Cultural Conflict

Between , millions of immigrants-Irish, German and Britons poured into the U.S. (OLD IMMIGRANTS) Germans settled in the midwest and Irish settled the Northeast. Many were Catholic –met with hostility (Nativism)-America=Protestant

Irish Potato Famine % reduction in Irish population20-25% reduction in Irish population Flood of immigrants to U.S.Flood of immigrants to U.S. Cheap laborCheap labor

Know Nothings NativistNativist Anti-immigrant, anti-Catholic political partyAnti-immigrant, anti-Catholic political party New England & middle statesNew England & middle states

Southern Economy: Plantation System

Cotton Kingdom

Plantation System

Inventors

Eli Whitney Inventor of the cotton ginInventor of the cotton gin –Boosted south’s economy –Boosted demand for slaves & western land Interchangeable parts Interchangeable parts

Effects of the Cotton Gin on… Productivity of cotton plantations Demand for cotton Demand for slaves Settlement of western lands Conflict with Native Americans Directions: Circle the arrow which reflects the impact of the cotton gin. Then explain why.

Elias Howe/Isaac Singer Improvements to the sewing machineImprovements to the sewing machine –Who did this affect?

John Deere Inventor of the reshaped, cast-steel plowInventor of the reshaped, cast-steel plow “sod buster”“sod buster”

Samuel Morse Inventor of the telegraphInventor of the telegraph Co-inventor of Morse CodeCo-inventor of Morse Code

Morse Code Transmitted by telegraphTransmitted by telegraph Used commonly by naviesUsed commonly by navies

Cyrus McCormick Mechanized reaperMechanized reaper

Robert Fulton Inventor of the first commercially successful steamboatInventor of the first commercially successful steamboat

Robert Fulton First steam shovelFirst steam shovel Used to dig canalsUsed to dig canals

Clipper Ships Small, fast shipsSmall, fast ships Transport to California & Australia & AsiaTransport to California & Australia & Asia Tea tradeTea trade Competition with BritishCompetition with British

Clay’s American System

American System Senator Henry ClaySenator Henry Clay –Protective tariff –National bank –Sale of public lands –Internal improvements RoadsRoads CanalsCanals

The American System Henry Clay National Bank Protective Tariff Internal Improvements Sale of public lands

Protective Tariff

National Bank

Sale of Public Lands… high prices

Internal Improvements… roads & canals

Tariff of 1816 Competition with British industryCompetition with British industry First protective tariffFirst protective tariff –North supports tariff –South opposes tariff

Erie Canal

Cumberland “National” Road

The Marshall Court

John Marshall Chief Justice, Chief Justice, ImpactImpact –Federalism –Economic growth

McCulloch v. Maryland National bankNational bank Maryland state taxMaryland state tax Decision:Decision: –Necessary & proper (“elastic”) clause –“The power to tax is the power to destroy” –National supremacy

Gibbons v. Ogden Steamboats: Federal license vs. state monopolySteamboats: Federal license vs. state monopoly Decision:Decision: –Interstate commerce clause –National supremacy

Fletcher v. Peck Old Ga. legislature… land to speculatorsOld Ga. legislature… land to speculators New Ga. Legislature… cancelNew Ga. Legislature… cancel Decision:Decision: –Sanctity of legal contracts –“Wealth vs. mob”

Dartmouth College v. Woodward Royal charterRoyal charter New Hampshire attempted to make the school publicNew Hampshire attempted to make the school public Decision:Decision: –Charter stands –Sanctity of contracts –Lack of regulation of business

The Market Revolution Transportation Revolution Forges Regional Ties Canals, roads, steamboats, railroads, improved transportation, created larger markets, and opened new lands up to settlement Transportation promoted diversified economies in the Northeast and Midwest, but not in the South

The Market Revolution The Growth of Cities and Towns Cities, especially in the West, Midwest and the “fall line” grew quickly NYC with its harbor and Erie Canal dominated foreign and domestic trade Painting of the Erie Canal

Changes in the Social Structure The Business Elite Industrialization led to distinct social classes Urbanization and wealth set the elite apart Federal and state tax policies favored the wealthy Early Industrialization in Ohio

Changes in the Social Structure The Middle Class Up to 30% of the Northeast was middle class by 1840s Growth in income and availability of cheap goods grew middle class Middle class values: education, hard work, discipline “The Progress of the Century” by Currier & Ives

Changes in the Social Structure Urban Workers and the Poor In 1840, ½ of white workers were wage laborers The poor faced low wages, slums and alcoholism NYC Five Points Tenement, c. 1850s

EQ: How did industrialization affect the American people?

Films and Books Little Women (1994, Columbia Pictures, 115 minutes) Directed by Gillian Armstrong, this film re- creates Louisa May Alcott’s book chronicling the values of the white middle class during the mid- nineteenth century. Gangs of New York (2002, Miramax Films, 168 minutes) Directed by Martin Scorsese, this reenact- ment of the Five Points district of New York City also illuminates the historical context of immi- gration and nativism in Literature Tyler Anbinder, Five Points (New York: Penguin, 2001) Historical fiction at its best. Anbinder illu- minates the challenges faced by Irish immigrants in New York City (as seen in Gangs of New York).