The Four States of Matter Four States Solid Liquid Gas Plasma STATES OF MATTER

 Based upon particle arrangement  Based upon energy of particles  Based upon distance between particles STATES OF MATTER

Matter is made up of particles which are in continual random motion. KINETIC THEORY OF MATTER

STATES OF MATTER SOLIDS Particles of solids are tightly packed, vibrating about a fixed position. Solids have a defiite shape and a definite volume. Heat

STATES OF MATTER LIQUID  Particles of liquids are tightly packed, but are far enough apart to slide over one another.  Liquids have an indefinite shape and a definite volume. Heat

STATES OF MATTER GAS  Particles of gases are very far apart and move freely.  Gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume. Heat

Evaporation = Condensation = Melting = Freezing = Sublimation = Liquid -> Gas Gas -> Liquid Solid -> Liquid Liquid -> Solid Solid -> Gas F. PHASE CHANGES – PHYSICAL

PHASE CHANGES Description of Phase Change Term for Phase Change Heat Movement During Phase Change Solid to liquid Melting Heat goes into the solid as it melts. Liquid to solid Freezing Heat leaves the liquid as it freezes.

PHASE CHANGES Description of Phase Change Term for Phase Change Heat Movement During Phase Change Liquid to gas Vaporization, which includes boiling and evaporation Heat goes into the liquid as it vaporizes. Gas to liquidCondensation Heat leaves the gas as it condenses. Solid to gasSublimation Heat goes into the solid as it sublimates.

BUT WHAT HAPPENS IF YOU RAISE THE TEMPERATURE TO SUPER-HIGH LEVELS… BETWEEN 1000°C AND 1,000,000,000°C ? Will everything just be a gas?

STATES OF MATTER PLASMA  A plasma is an ionized gas.  A plasma is a very good conductor of electricity and is affected by magnetic fields.  Plasmas, like gases have an indefinite shape and an indefinite volume. Plasma is the common state of matter

STATES OF MATTER SOLID LIQUID GAS PLASMA Tightly packed, in a regular pattern Vibrate, but do not move from place to place Close together with no regular arrangement. Vibrate, move about, and slide past each other Well separated with no regular arrangement. Vibrate and move freely at high speeds Has no definite volume or shape and is composed of electrical charged particles

SOME PLACES WHERE PLASMAS ARE FOUND… 1. Flames

2. Lightning

3. Aurora (Northern Lights)

The Sun is an example of a star in its plasma state

Signs of a Chemical Change change in color or odor formation of a gas formation of a precipitate (solid) change in light or heat G. CHEMICAL CHANGES

Examples: rusting iron dissolving in water burning a log melting ice grinding spices H. PHYSICAL VS. CHEMICAL CHANGES chemical physical chemical physical

Match: (1) solid, (2) liquid, or (3) gas. ____ A. Has a definite volume, but shape of the container. ____ B. Its particles are moving rapidly. ____ C. Fills the volume of a container. ____ D. Particles are in a fixed structure. ____ E. Particles are close together, but mobile. LEARNING CHECK S1 21

Heat = g water x 80. cal g water = g water x 334 J g water How much heat in calories is needed to melt 15.0 g of water? 15.0 g water x 80. cal = 1200 cal 1 g water HEAT CALCULATION FOR FUSION 22

A. Why does the temperature of ice stay at 0°C while the ice melts? B. How much heat in joules is needed to melt 1.00 g of ice of 0°C? 1) 1.00 J2) 100 J3) 334 J C. How many joules of heat are released when g of water at 0°C freezes (0°C)? 1) 3.34 J2) 3340 J3) 33,400 J LEARNING CHECK CS2 23

A. Why does the temperature of ice stay at 0°C while the ice melts? Energy goes into the change of state. B. How much heat in joules is needed to melt 1.00 g of ice of 0°C? 3) 334 J C. How many joules of heat are released when g of water at 0°C freezes (0°C)? 3) 33,400 J SOLUTION CS2 24

Amount of heat needed to change 1 gram of liquid to gas at its boiling point Boiling (Condensing) Point of Water = 100°C Heat of Vaporization (water) = 2260 J/g HEAT OF VAPORIZATION 25

A. Ice cubes in a warm drink will 1) melt 2) freeze 3) not change B. The liquid drink _________ energy. 1) loses 2) gains 3) does not change C. The ice ___________energy. 1) loses 2) gains 3) does not change D. The final temperature of the ice and liquid is 1) the same 2) different LEARNING CHECK CS4 26

A. Ice cubes in a warm drink will 1) melt B. The liquid drink 1) loses energy. C. The ice 2) gains energy. D. The final temperature of the ice and liquid is 1) the same SOLUTION CS4 27

Although chemical changes occur, mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction Mass of reactants equals mass of products I. LAW OF CONSERVATION OF MASS REVIEW FROM BALANCING CR CH. 11 mass reactants = mass productsts A + B  C

In an experiment, g of red mercury (II) oxide powder is placed in an open flask and heated until it is converted to liquid mercury and oxygen gas. The liquid mercury has a mass of 9.26 g. What is the mass of the oxygen formed in the reaction? I. CONSERVATION OF MASS Mercury (II) oxide  mercury + oxygen Mmercury(II) oxide = g Mmercury = 9.26 Moxygen = ? GIVEN: Mercury (II) oxide  mercury + oxygen M mercury(II) oxide = g M mercury = 9.86 g M oxygen = ? WORK : g = 9.86 g + m oxygen M oxygen = (10.00 g – 9.86 g) M oxygen = 0.14 g mass reactants = mass products

A. MATTER FLOWCHART MATTER Can it be physically separated? Homogeneous Mixture (solution) Heterogeneous MixtureCompoundElement MIXTUREPURE SUBSTANCE yes no Can it be chemically decomposed? noyes Is the composition uniform? noyes