Section I: Early Civilizations of the Americas (Pages 198 - 205 ) This section is about: The geography and the climate of the area known today as Latin America and how these influenced the development of early civilizations there. Several significant early civilizations of the region, including the Olmecs, Mayas, and Aztecs. A

A Before we start this new chapter: Look at pages 198-199. Let’s preview what’s in this chapter. Let’s check out the picture. And, let’s read page 198 (from a Primary source). On the time line: we go back in history for a while. A

Central America also includes Latin America Early civilizations lived in all parts of the Americas (North, Central, and South) Central America also includes Latin America A

Why is this called Latin America? Most of the people in this area today speak a form of Spanish, Portuguese and/or French (all come from Latin). These areas at one time were all annexed (added) to land controlled by European countries. 1 A

The Geography of Latin America: Plains. Mountains: the Sierra Madres and the Andes. Rain Forests: in the Amazon are the largest in the world. Highland Plateaus: good for farming/grazing Parts can get real hot and humid and some very cold. 2 A

The First Americans Probably came across the ice covered (at the time) Bering Straits. Best guess right now: 13,000 years ago? A

Just like everywhere else The early peoples stopped being nomads and slowly settled in groups, starting communities that ended up growing into complex societies. About 2500 BC: these people started successfully planting maize (corn) – a GREAT food. 3 4 Corn uses today Foods containing corn A

The Olmecs and the Zapotecs (are the oldest civilizations in the Americas) The Olmec People (1200 BC) Lived near the Gulf of Mexico. Were fishermen and farmers. Known for games they played (with rubber balls from the rubber trees), gigantic carved stone heads, and a calendar. A

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A The Zapotec People (500 BC) Developed a writing system. Huge cities (125,000) with stone buildings, plazas, and ceremonial pyramids. Teotihuacan. People lived in stone apartments and would travel to farm outside the city each day. Others: craft workers, artisans, builders, merchants, and warriors. Priests and rulers were in charge. A

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The Maya (300-900 AD) Lived in today’s Guatemala, Belize, and the Yucatan Peninsula Most were peasants, laborers and farmers – also played sports (even a game like basketball) Had many city-states which were linked and worked together. Wealthy Mayas owned slaves. Priests were important (with their daily ceremonial pyramids for the Gods). This included human sacrifices. Most accurate calendar in the world (based off the sun), first to understand the idea of a zero. Developed writing using glyphs (pictures or symbols that represent words or ideas). 6 5 A

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The Toltecs (950-1200 AD) Lived north of where Mexico City is today in their capital of Tula (mining and trading). Worshipped Quetzacoatl (a feathered serpent who symbolized a union of Earth and sky). The civilization ended with a great fire around 1200 AD. They always believed Quetzacoatl would return someday. 7 A

The Aztecs moved into the same area as the Toltecs (about 1200) During the 1400’s, they began invading the peoples around them and forced them to pay tribute with maize, tobacco, gold, and precious stones. They also took POW’s (who became slaves). Most became human sacrifices (Aztecs believed it was an honor for them and their families). Lots of swampland, so they came up with chinampas (rafts filled with soil). Boys went to school (to train for war). Girls were taught by their moms (to be weavers or priestesses). 9 8 A

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It’s time to be an archeologist (page B) This is your farm. You’re digging around. You find this. Tell me about it. A

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Section II: Peru and the Incan Empire (Pages 206 - 211) This section is about: The early Peruvians and the rich, complex culture of the Incan Empire. Elements of the culture of the Incan Empire, such as the strong system of government, the arts, and architecture. C

Let’s start by reading what’s at the end – and what we are expected to find out. Page 211: Review History, Critical Thinking, and Write About Government. We should probably also look at the pictures on 206-211. C

This section is about South America (Peru today)… and the early Native Americans who lived there. The Chavin People Lived here about 900-200 BC. Built stone temples with carvings of gods and other images (jaguars, serpents, caiman). By the coasts, they were among the first to build with adobe (sun-dried clay bricks). It took about 50,000,000 of these bricks to build a temple. 1 C

After the Chavin, the Moche moved to the area (200-100 BC) They controlled a lot of land, but didn’t have huge cities. They were skilled engineers – building roads, canals, and irrigation systems. They’ve left very little of their culture behind (except some of their buildings). By 900, they were gone. No one really knows why Earthquakes, droughts, floods? C

The Incas are the main group we know about from this area. We don’t know much about the early Incas and how they started (about 1200 AD?). They controlled the Andes Mountain Valley. Their first great leader (Pachacuti – “Earth Shaker”) built the capital city of Cuzco and expanded the empire. C

The main Incan place most people know about: Machu Picchu

The City of Cuzco Designed in the shape of a Puma (mountain lion) – which was sacred to the Incas. Had a fortress/temple at the head. Houses and palaces were built along the body. Four “highways” met in the central plaza. The Incas were great builders – for buildings , palaces, and roads. All Incas were expected to help build. C

Inca Messages… 3 4 …were easy to send, because they had great roads and a “postal system.” Runners would travel the roads – each going 3 miles to the next rest stop and the next runner. Messages could travel 150 miles in a day this way (that’s a lot). Incas didn’t use writing, so the runners had to remember the messages. They also used a quipu (strings that kept track of numbers). Government officials would use quipus for recordkeeping. 5 C

The Later Incan Emperors Tapa Inca tried to expand the empire. By 1400, it covered the entire length of the Andes Mts. The last of the Inca emperors was Atahualpa (that’s when the Spanish showed up). 6 C

Incan Government: 7 C Was a hereditary monarchy. The empire was divided into 4 sections – each with it’s own governor. These governors were all part of the Inca emperors extended family. Other government jobs went to people who were loyal to them. When they conquered people, they made them into slaves… or used them for sacrifices. King, who’s son is next to rule 7 C

Inca religion was polytheistic What????? Many Gods Main God: Viracocha (the creator). Others controlled thunder, the Earth, the sea, and the moon. The Sun God was their special protector. People were ordered to build temples to the gods. They also believed spirits lived throughout nature (Japanese Shinto). They developed a calendar to keep track of festivals important to the farming year (planting and harvesting). C

The Incas did have social classes The top: the ruling and noble families (only about 200 of these “pure” Incas). Next: the adopted Incas: nobles from lands the Incas conquered Next: Nobles from far away lands they controlled but didn’t care much about. Last: ordinary people. You could not usually change who you were – unless you did something extreme (great courage, or the best servant/slave in town). Do we have “social classes” anywhere today? 8 C

Incan Families 9 10 C Families were organized into groups. No taxes, but people were expected to work in exchange for government services. The government did give feasts on holidays. The government controlled most people’s lives. People even had travel restrictions and a “dress code” (you had to wear clothing that connected you to where you were born). 9 10 C

Inca Farming C Each family belonged to a larger group called an allyu. They owned the land together and worked together. The leader of each allyu made sure government orders were followed, and decided what each person’s job should be. C

Inca Farms C Corn. Squash. Tomatoes. Peanuts. Cotton. Potatoes (200 kinds – great in the mountains). Llamas and alpacas – for wool. Boys learned from dads (farming or a “trade”). Girls learned from moms (weaving and cooking). Most didn’t like what they did, but they knew it would make the empire stronger, which would help them out. C

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Section III: North American Groups (Pages 212 - 217) This section is about: How the varied climates and environments of North America influenced the development of distinct regional cultures in the western and eastern regions. E

E There were many different kinds of Native Americans. Our book splits them up into Western and Eastern groups. Page 213 of your book splits them up a little differently. Others split them up several ways, but the important thing to remember is in the Main Ideas on page 212 (A). E

The Native Americans in North America were a lot different than those in Central and South America. No unified empires, no cities, and no palaces. They hunted, gathered, farmed, and traded with each other. Had a wide variety of cultures, languages, styles of dress and architecture, and beliefs. The big thing is: they didn’t try to control their environment – they adapted to it (adjusted). 1 E

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Most of North America gets enough rain: good for farming and supporting animals Also has a great system of rivers (Ohio / Mississippi / Missouri) for travel and trade Thick forests, hilly, and rocky with four distinct seasons Forests, cool, with a long rainy season Dry and Hot Flat and covered with grass (few trees) with cold winters and hot summers Warm and humid E

Western Native Americans The Aleuts, Yupiks, and Inuits Lived in today’s northern Canada and Alaska. Hunted seals, walruses, whales, polar bears, caribou, foxes (too cold to farm). Used furs for clothing and blankets. Tools, weapons, tents and boats (kayaks) from animal parts. 2 3 E

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Northwest Native Americans Easier life than up north. Rivers and oceans full of fish and forests full of food. Traded a lot. Had a ceremony called a potlach: the host would claim certain rights (like possessions of a dead relative), the guests would act as witnesses, the host would give them a huge feast (and give them costly gifts). 4 E

The Anasazi 5 E Settled near “the four corners.” Were able to grow some food, but produced a lot of pottery, baskets, and cloth. Lived in pueblos (adobe brick homes) that were “temperature controlled.” They look a lot like some modern apartment buildings Mesa Verde is one of their more famous settlements. They moved near the Rio Grande in 1300 AD: their descendants are the Pueblos. 5 E

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The Pueblos Kachina Dance Not really one people – more of a group of Native Americans that shared many of the same characteristics. Religion is based on praying for a good harvest (in dry area). Kachinas (ancestor spirits) return to the earth as plants, animals, or people who have power to heal the sick and bring rain. Farming got easier after they moved near the Rio Grande. Pueblos today are well-known for their pottery skills. E

Navajos / Apaches 6 E Navajo means: large planted field. About 1000 years ago, their ancestors came from Canada and split into the 2 groups. They settled where the Anasazi had left (from the Four Corners to Texas). Growing food was tough, so they mostly hunted (buffalo, deer, and rabbit). Nothing was ever wasted. This wasn’t always enough to survive, so they often raided other people – stealing food, livestock, and supplies. For Apaches: courage and bravery in making a raid was highly valued. 6 E

Eastern Native Americans The Mound Builders From the Mississippi and Ohio River Valleys (starting about 300 years ago). Each time someone was buried (usually a leader), they added them to the mound. Two kinds: temple mounds and burial mounds - all different sizes and shapes. The Mississippian people built temple mounds. Some are even a pyramid shape. These people disappeared about the 1600’s: either crop failures or wars. E

The Iroquois (and the Hurons) Lived where New York is now – and didn’t always get along. Lived according to the seasons: spring planting / fall harvesting (and settling yearly disputes). It got cold in winter – so they built longhouses – with many families living in each. All people worked to provide food – fishing, gathering, hunting, and farming. Family groups cooperated, but they argued so much among different tribes, they formed a group to settle disputes (The Iroquois Confederacy). 7 E

The Iroquois Confederacy Hiawatha (Iroquois) and Dekanawidah (Huron) wanted to bring peace to their people. They formed a group made up of the 5 Iroquois Nations who all shared the same language and traditions. (Mohawks/Senecas/Onondagas/Oneids/Cuyagas) Each nation had its own council – headed by a chief called a sachem. Their most important duty was to maintain peace between the 5 tribes. All decisions were to based on the welfare of the people. 8 9 E

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