Ideologies What are Political Ideologies?

An ideology is an organized collection of ideas. The word ideology was coined by Count Antoine de Tracy in the late 18th century to define a "science of ideas." An ideology can be thought of as a comprehensive vision, as a way of looking at things, as in common sense, or a set of ideas proposed by the dominant class of a society to all members of this society.Antoine de Tracy18th centuryscienceideas

Ideology Cont. The main purpose behind an ideology is to offer change in society through a normative thought process (what the world ought to be). Ideologies tend to be abstract thoughts applied to reality and, thus, make this concept unique to politics. Ideologies are very common in the world of politics.

Liberalism refers to a broad array of related doctrines, ideologies, philosophical views, and political traditions which hold that individual liberty is the primary political value. doctrinesideologiesphilosophical viewsindividualliberty

Liberalism cont. Broadly speaking, liberalism emphasizes individual rights. It seeks a society characterized by freedom of thought for individuals, limitations on power (especially of government and religion), the rule of law, the free exchange of ideas, a market economy that supports free private enterprise, and a transparent system of government in which the rights of all citizens are protected. individual rightsfreedom of thoughtrule of lawmarket economyprivate enterprise transparentsystem of government

Socialism refers to a broad array of doctrines or political movements that envisage a socio-economic system in which property and the distribution of wealth are subject to control by the community. This control may be either direct — exercised through popular collectives such as workers' councils — or indirect — exercised on behalf of the people by the state. As an economic system, socialism is often characterized by state or community ownership of the means of production.socio-economicworkers' councilseconomic systemstatemeans of production

Socialism Cont. The modern socialist movement had its origin largely in the working class movement of the late-19th century. In this period, the term "socialism" was first used in connection with European social critics who condemned capitalism and private property. For Karl Marx, who helped establish and define the modern socialist movement, socialism implied the abolition of money, markets, capital, and labor as a commodity.working class19th century capitalismprivate propertyKarl Marxmoneymarketscapital laborcommodity

Communism is an ideology that seeks to establish a classless, stateless social organization based on common ownership of the means of production. It can be considered a branch of the broader socialist movement. Communism as a political goal is generally a conjectured form of future social organization, although Marxists have described early forms of human social organization as 'primitive communism'. classlessstatelesssocial organizationcommon ownershipmeans of productionsocialist movement Marxistsprimitive communism

Communism Cont. Karl Marx held that society could not be transformed from the capitalist mode of production to the advanced communist mode of production all at once, but required a transitional period which Marx described as the revolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat, the first stage of communism. Karl Marxcapitalistmode of productionrevolutionary dictatorship of the proletariat

Today ’ s International System Boundaries: global strong points Units: democracies vs. the rest Interaction: eco, pol, mil, cult. Structure: unipolar and multipolar mixed.

Globalization Globalization as a distinctly modern phenomenon, has Multiple Definitions, means different things to different people. But it always means:- The Global Capitalist System Extended Internationalism Greater circulation of peoples, goods, symbols

The Dynamics of Contemporary Globalization The invention of the multi-national corporation. The global shift in manufacturing. The effects of new technology on exchange. (The container ship, Jet Aircraft, Satellite communications and computers, etc.) Neo-liberal political regimes Regional and global trade regimes

The Dynamics of Contemporary Globalization Changes in the nation-state The shrinking of time and space The creation of novel institutions, e.g. the inter-net, global finance (stock markets, global currency markets) Global Media Changes in social institutions: the family, the status of women

Types of Structure Unipolar :- National or bloc power: Roman Empire. Multipolar (merry-go-round):- National power and alliances. ( Europe), South Asia today. potentially has many conflicts, but also countervailing alliances and BoP (balance of power) holder.

Types of Structure Bipolar (see-saw):- Cold War, potential zero- sum and high risk of escalation, but more political control.(offset by ideology). Each has its own type of dominant security problem: challenger/assimilation; shifting alliances; escalation/zero-sum conflict Structure of International systems is also contextual: rules of war and diplomacy change.