NAPOLEON

► October 5, 1795…13 Vendmiaire (Revolutionary Calendar)… ► 1796: Bonaparte appointed to lead the French army against Austria and Sardinia in Italy  swift victories; control of Italy and Switzerland ► 1797: Treaty of Campo Formio- WIN ► Bonaparte went after Britain by attacking Egypt…a failure, but he returned to Paris a hero- LOST ► November 10, 1799…19 Brumaire..coup d’etat- WIN?  Constitution of the Year VIII  Napoleon named 1 st Consul OBSCURITY TO MASTERY

JOSEPHINE ► Imprisoned and widowed (NOBLE) during the Terror ► A “socialite without equal” ► Met and married the young Napoleon in 1796 ► Her social and political deftness allowed him to become 1 st Consul

THE CONSULATE Foreign enemies Foreign enemies –2 nd Coalition: Britain, Austria, Russia Peace of Amiens 1802 Peace of Amiens 1802 Domestic policies Domestic policies –Economic Set up Bank of France Set up Bank of France Slowed inflation, balanced budget Slowed inflation, balanced budget –Social Emigres returned Emigres returned –Religious Concordat of 1801 Concordat of 1801

Domestic policies Centralization of government (more power to the Government in Paris and less to the provinces) Reorganization of education –extensive system of public schools good propaganda for Napoleon Banque de France –balanced budget used indemnities strengthened agriculture stimulated commerce (the economy)

CODE NAPOLEON Gave France a single set of laws Gave France a single set of laws Abolished the 3 estates of the old regime Abolished the 3 estates of the old regime Equality under the law Equality under the law Limited liberty- THE BAD ASPECTS OF NAPOLEON Limited liberty- THE BAD ASPECTS OF NAPOLEON censorship censorship women lost right to own property women lost right to own property slavery restored in French colonies slavery restored in French colonies

PLEBISCITE MAKES NAPOLEON EMPEROR

December 2, 1804

THE EMPIRE Napoleon dominated Europe Napoleon dominated Europe 3 rd Coalition: Britain, Russia, Austria, Sweden and Prussia… rd Coalition: Britain, Russia, Austria, Sweden and Prussia…1805 Austerlitz December 1805…Austria made peace Austerlitz December 1805…Austria made peace Jena October 1806…French troops in Berlin Jena October 1806…French troops in Berlin Friedland June 1807…Treaty of Tilsit Friedland June 1807…Treaty of Tilsit Mastery over most of Europe Mastery over most of Europe Ended the Holy Roman Empire (Started with Charlemagne ends with Napoleon) Ended the Holy Roman Empire (Started with Charlemagne ends with Napoleon)

NAPOLEON’S SIBLINGS Joseph…King of Naples and Spain Joseph…King of Naples and Spain Louis, King of Holland Louis, King of Holland Lucien, Prince of Canino Lucien, Prince of Canino

Napoleon’s Siblings Caroline, Queen of Naples Elise Jerome, King of Westphalia Pauline Borghese

CONTINENTAL SYSTEM Trafalgar: loss in 1805 meant that Napoleon could not defeat British navy Trafalgar: loss in 1805 meant that Napoleon could not defeat British navy Economic blockade Economic blockade Supposed to make Europe self sufficient Supposed to make Europe self sufficient Smuggling Smuggling Weakened economies across Europe Weakened economies across Europe British used impressment and stopped neutral merchant ships British used impressment and stopped neutral merchant ships War of 1812 with United States War of 1812 with United States

Lord Nelson atop Trafalgar Square

SPAIN Goya Painting

PENINSULAR WAR Napoleon tried to make brother Joseph King of Spain Guerilla warfare (this is where the term comes from) France lost 300,000 soldiers NATIONALISM becoming a powerful weapon against Napoleon –(We free Iraq but now they want us out of the country- the Force of Nationalism!)

THE NEED FOR AN HEIR Divorced Josephine in 1809 Married Archduchess Marie Louise of Austria 1810 (Royalty!) Only child King of Rome born in 1811

RUSSIA 1812 Napoleon’s disastrous mistake 2U9sQ

Scorched Earth

December 1812

THE GRAND ALLIANCE Britain, Russia, Prussia, Austria, Sweden October 1813: Leipzig… The Battle of Nations Napoleon’s empire crumbled April 1814: exile to Elba

HUNDRED DAYS MARCH-JUNE 1815 Escape from Elba Enthusiastic welcome from French people Louis XVIII fled

WATERLOO June 15, 1815

St Helena “France, Chief of Army, Josephine…” “France, Chief of Army, Josephine…”

 Arsenic poisoning?

THE INVALIDES NAPOLEON’S TOMB

Napoleon’s legacy continued to influence the course of European history 1. Consolidated some of the gains of the French Revolution- HUH? 1. Consolidated some of the gains of the French Revolution- HUH? 2. Carried the ideas of the revolution across Europe- WHICH? 2. Carried the ideas of the revolution across Europe- WHICH? 3. Remade the map of Europe- HOW? 3. Remade the map of Europe- HOW? 4. Stimulated the growth of NATIONALISM 4. Stimulated the growth of NATIONALISM 5. The “Napoleonic legend”: French history marked by struggles among 3 groups 5. The “Napoleonic legend”: French history marked by struggles among 3 groups Bonapartists…one strong man should govern Bonapartists…one strong man should govern Monarchists …reestablishment of a family dynasty Monarchists …reestablishment of a family dynasty Liberals…a constitutionally elected government Liberals…a constitutionally elected government