The French Revolution Chapter 7

The Estates 1st – Clergy 2nd – Nobility 3rd - Everyone else Bourgeoisie Urban poor Peasants

Why was the 3rd estate unhappy? High taxes Little political power Few social rights/priviledges

Calling of the Estates General May 5, 1789 Hadn’t met in 175 years Original problem: solve debt crisis Louis’ answer: tax the nobility 2nd Estate demands a meeting

Actions of the 3rd Estate Goal: Overhaul the gov’t June 17 –“National Assembly” Tennis Court Oath 1st and 2nd Estate reaction Louis’ reaction

Storming of the Bastille – July 14

August, 1789 End of Old Regime Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen

Women’s March on Versailles – Oct. 1789 Great Fear Bread – what’s the big deal? Demands & achievements

Assembly Reforms State-controlled Church 1791 – Louis approves constitution Limited Constitutional Monarchy Legislative Assembly Factions within

Chaos Émigrés & sans-culottes Pressure from other monarchs War with Austria & Prussia September Massacres (1792) National Convention forms Reduces monarch power to nothing

Reign of Terror – 1793-94 Jacobins Maximilien Robespierre Louis – tried treason and killed by guillotine Maximilien Robespierre Committee of Public Safety Reign of Terror “The first maxim of our politics ourght to be to lead the people by means of reason and the enemies of the people by terror.”

End of the Terror July 28, 1794 - Robespierre executed by guillotine People’s reactions New gov’t (again!) Two-house legislature Five member executive (Directory) Napoleon Bonaparte begins rise in military

Napoleon Bonaparte Birth (1769) & childhood - Corsica

Rise to Power 1799 - coup d'état (know this!!) First consul 1800 - Real power resulted from plebiscite 1804 – Crowned emperor

Domestic Issues: the Good & Bad Economy Rid gov’t of corruption Merit-based system Napoleonic Code (organization) Napoleonic Code Took away rights Restored slavery in Caribbean

Foreign Conquests 1807-12

Costly Mistakes Continental system British response Peninsular War v. Spanish guerrillas Invasion of Russia Scorched-earth policy Casualities

End of Napoleon 1814 – Surrender to powers of Europe Elba 1815 – Hundred Days Waterloo 2nd and final exile

Congress of Vienna “Great Power” – Austria, Britain, Russia, Prussia, France Containment of France Balance of Power Legitimacy (to rule)