The Southern Ocean geography, principal fronts, and oceanographic zones (see Table 13.1). The Subtropical Front (STF) is the oceanographic northern boundary.

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The Southern Ocean geography, principal fronts, and oceanographic zones (see Table 13.1). The Subtropical Front (STF) is the oceanographic northern boundary for the region. The eastward Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC) includes these fronts: Subantarctic Front (SAF), Polar Front (PF), Southern ACC Front (SACCF), Southern Boundary (SB). Front locations from Orsi et al. (1995). The westward Antarctic Slope Front (ASF) (thin) follows the continental slope. Circulation of the ocean basins north of the SAF is not represented; see the maps in Chapters 9, 10 and 11. Major polynyas (dark gray patches) are labeled; all polynyas are shown in Figure 13.20. TALLEY Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE 13.1

(a) Annual average wind stress (N/m2) (vectors) and wind stress curl (´ 10-7 N/m3) (shading) multiplied by -1 in the Southern Hemisphere so that positive values (dark grays) indicate Ekman upwelling, from the NCEP reanalysis 1968-1996 (Kalnay et al., 1996). (b) Annual mean air-sea buoyancy flux, converted to equivalent heat flux (W/m2), based on Large and Yeager (2009) air-sea fluxes. Positive values indicate that the ocean is becoming less dense. Contour interval is 25 W/m2 (grid-scale contouring along the Antarctic coast has been removed). Dashed contours are the Subantarctic and Polar Fronts from Orsi et al. (1995). TALLEY Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE 13.2

Properties at 50 m depth. (a) Potential temperature (°C), (b) salinity Properties at 50 m depth. (a) Potential temperature (°C), (b) salinity. This figure can also be seen in the color insert. TALLEY Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE 13.3a FIGURE 13.3b

A schematic meridional section in the Southern Ocean showing the water masses, meridional circulation, fronts, and most zones. Acronyms: Continental Shelf Water (CSW), Antarctic Surface Water (AASW), Subantarctic ModeWater (SAMW), Subantarctic SurfaceWater (SASW), Subtropical Surface Water (STSW), Antarctic Slope Front (ASF), Southern Boundary (SB), Southern ACC Front (SACCF), Polar Front (PF), Subantarctic Front (SAF), and Subtropical Front (STF). TALLEY Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE 13.4

(a) Drake Passage and southwest Atlantic fronts (a) Drake Passage and southwest Atlantic fronts. (Fronts from Orsi et al., 1995; bathymetry (m) from Smith & Sandwell, 1997.) (b) Fronts south of Australia (Tasmania). N, M, and S refer to northern, middle, and southern branches of the given fronts. TALLEY Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE 13.5

(a) Potential temperature (°C), (b) salinity, (c) neutral density (kg m-3), and (d) oxygen (mmol/kg) along 140°E from Antarctica to Tasmania (WOCE Hydrographic Programme Atlas section S3, from Talley, 2007). Fronts: Subantarctic Front (SAF), Polar Front (PF), Southern ACC Front (SACCF), Southern Boundary (SB), and Antarctic Slope Front (ASF). Location of section is shown by station dots in Figure 13.5b. TALLEY Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE 13.6

Potential temperature-salinity relations: (a) Atlantic Ocean (Greenwich meridian) and (b) Pacific Ocean (130W), encompassing the fronts and zones of the ACC (Table 13.1). Contours are potential density sq (kg/m3). Line near bottom is the freezing point. Acronyms as in Table 13.1: SAZ (Subantarctic Zone), SAF (Subantarctic Front), PFZ (Polar Frontal Zone), PF (Polar Front), AZ (Antarctic Zone), SACCF (Southern ACC Front). TALLEY Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE 13.7

Geopotential height anomaly at 50 dbar relative to 1000 dbar, in dynamic meters (10 J kg-1). TALLEY Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE 13.8

Mean currents in the Drake Passage, averaged over 30-300 m depth, from 128 ADCP crossings over 5 years. Strong currents from north to south are the Subantarctic Front (56°S), the Polar Front (59°S), and the Southern ACC Front (62°S). This figure can also be found in the color insert. TALLEY Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE 13.9

FIGURE 13.10 Track of the Endurance (1914-1916). TALLEY Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE 13.10

(a) The Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf in the southern Weddell Sea (a) The Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf in the southern Weddell Sea. (b) The Ross Ice Shelf in the southern Ross Sea. TALLEY Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE 13.11

Neutral density section in the western Pacific into the Tasman Sea (WOCE section P11, location on insert). TALLEY Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE 13.12

Potential temperature-salinity curve of Southern Ocean waters in the Atlantic sector showing the different water masses. TALLEY Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE 13.13

Potential temperature-salinity diagram in the Weddell Sea and Atlantic Ocean. This figure can also be found in the color insert. TALLEY Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE 13.14

Properties along a Lower Circumpolar Deep Water isopycnal (neutral density 28.05 kg m-3), corresponding roughly to the salinity maximum core. (a) Potential temperature (°C), (b) salinity, (c) depth (m), (d) oxygen (mmol/kg). This figure can also be found in the color insert. TALLEY Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE 13.15

Properties on an Antarctic Bottom Water isopycnal (neutral density 28 Properties on an Antarctic Bottom Water isopycnal (neutral density 28.27 kg m-3). (a) Potential temperature and (b) salinity. Bottom properties (depths greater than 3500 m): (c) potential temperature (°C) and (d) salinity. This figure can also be found in the color insert. TALLEY Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE 13.16

Vertical sections of (left) potential temperature and (center) salinity at about 35°Win the western Weddell Sea. (Right) Potential temperature versus salinity. Dashed contours in (left) and (center) are neutral density. Near-horizontal dashed line in right panel is the freezing point at 0 dbar. TALLEY Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE 13.17

Snapshot of eddies in the southeast Pacific and Drake Passage: sea surface height anomalies (cm) for the week of October 1, 2005 from Topex/Poseidon altimetry (Aviso product). The climatological Subantarctic Front (SAF) and Polar Front (PF) are marked. TALLEY Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE 13.18

Annual progression of sea ice concentration in 1991, computed from the Special Sensor Microwave Imager (SSM/I) carried on the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program satellites. TALLEY Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE 13.19

Antarctic latent heat polynyas: sea ice production, averaged over 1992-2001. This figure can also be found in the color insert. TALLEY Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE 13.20

Mean ice motion for 1988-1994 with the mean atmospheric pressure superimposed. TALLEY Copyright © 2011 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved FIGURE 13.21