RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 Collection of NO x emissions data - First preliminary results RDE working group 14 September 2015 European Commission - Joint Research Centre (JRC) IET - Institute for Energy and Transport 1

RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 Overview 2 Objective and current status Test vehicles and test routes Preliminary results  Technology independent  Technology dependent Conclusions

RDE Working group Brussels, September Overview Objective and current status Test vehicles and test routes Preliminary results  Technology independent  Technology dependent Conclusions

RDE Working group Brussels, September RDE Conformity Factors (CF) to be introduced in two phases First phase intends to account for NO x emission levels of current Euro 6 diesel cars equipped with state-of-the-art after-treatment technologies JRC collected NOx emissions data obtained by stakeholders from existing PEMS tests Objective

RDE Working group Brussels, September JRC has received feedback from five RDE stakeholders and Emissions Analytics Ltd. JRC re-analysed own tests conducted for the development of the RDE data evaluation Data set comprises 36 diesel vehicles and 234 individual trips Data analysis started in September 2015 First preliminary results available Current Status

RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 Overview 6 Objectives and current status Test vehicles and test routes Preliminary results  Technology independent  Technology dependent Conclusions

RDE Working group Brussels, September Total number of trips with Euro 6 (NEDC tests ≤80 mg/km) Diesel vehicles234 After-treatment technologies SCR only De-NOx only De-NOx+SCR EGR only No information available Engine rated power [kW] >150 (max 180) No information available Model year pre 2012 post 2012 No information available (3 post 2014) 35 Mileage at test start [km] ≤20,000 km >20,000 km No information available (3 >100,000 km) 35 Test vehicles

RDE Working group Brussels, September Total number of trips with Euro 6 Diesel vehicles234 Test routes U+R+M (trips with all U/R/M portions driven) RDE-like (U: 29÷44%, R: 23÷43%, M: 23÷43%, U/R/M distances >16km each) RDE-compliant (RDE-like + compliance with 95 th perc.tile v*a pos, RPA, <1000m/km) Positive elevation gain of RDE-like tests [m/km] ≤1000 >1000 No information available Max altitude during RDE-like tests [m above sea level] ≤ >1000 No information available Test routes  All tests performed within moderate T amb boundary conditions

RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 Overview 9 Objectives and current status Test vehicles and test routes Preliminary results  Technology independent  Technology dependent Conclusions

RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 EGR only tests (tests with EGR only vehicles) All tests 10 U+R+M tests (trips with all U/R/M shares driven) RDE-like tests (U:29÷44%, R:23÷43%, M:23÷43%, U/R/M distances >16km each) RDE-compliant tests (=RDE-like + compliance with 95 th perc.tile v*a pos, RPA, <1000m/km) SCR & SCR+De-NO x tests (tests with SCR+de-NO x vehicles) De-NO x tests (tests with de-NO x vehicles) Technology independent (4 cases)Technology dependent (12 cases) Preliminary results  Cold start and DPF regenerations uniformly excluded  Test-average NO x emissions, unprocessed (w/o MAW or power binning)

RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 Overview 11 Objectives and current status Test vehicles and test routes Preliminary results  Technology independent  Technology dependent Conclusions

RDE Working group Brussels, September Vehicle ID Number of tests per vehicle Total234 Technology independent All tests (1/3)

RDE Working group Brussels, September tests from 36 diesel Euro6 vehicles Several vehicles represented by only one test (see previous slide) NO x emissions ranged roughly from 30mg/km to 700mg/km A single test exceeded the 800mg/km of NO x due to aggressive driving 5 tests (2% of the total) had CF≤1 41 tests (roughly 18% of the total) had CF≤2 Technology independent All tests (2/3)

RDE Working group Brussels, September Error bars represent the maximum and minimum emissions per vehicle Significant deviations can be mainly attributed to different driving styles Technology independent All tests (3/3) Vehicles

RDE Working group Brussels, September Technology independent U+R+M tests (1/3) Vehicle ID Number of tests per vehicle ,14,15,174 03,058 04, ,12,136 10, , Total127

RDE Working group Brussels, September Technology independent U+R+M tests (2/3) 127 tests from 26 vehicles A maximum of 800 mg NO x /km was observed 4 tests (about 3% of the total) had CF≤1 28 tests (roughly 22% of the total) had CF≤2

RDE Working group Brussels, September Error bars represent the maximum and minimum emissions per vehicle A noticeable decrease of the average emissions and max/min deviations, per vehicle, was observed when comparing U+R+M trips with all tests for vehicles 11,08,05,04 Technology independent U+R+M tests (3/3) Vehicles

RDE Working group Brussels, September Technology independent RDE-like tests (1/3) Vehicle ID Number of tests per vehicle Total39

RDE Working group Brussels, September Technology independent RDE-like tests (2/3) 39 tests from 17 vehicles Several vehicles represented by only one test (see previous slide) A maximum of roughly 700 mg NOx/km was observed 2 tests (about 5% of the total) had CF≤1 11 tests (roughly 30% of the total) had CF≤2

RDE Working group Brussels, September Error bars represent the maximum and minimum emissions per vehicle A noticeable decrease of the average emissions per vehicle was observed when comparing U+R+M tests to RDE-like tests (e.g. vehicles 15,16,8,3) Technology independent RDE-like tests (3/3) Vehicles

RDE Working group Brussels, September Technology independent RDE-compliant tests (1/3) RDE-compliant tests: U: 29÷44% R: 23÷43% M: 23÷43% U/R/M distances 16km 95 th perc.tile v*a pos and RPA within permissible tolerances for each U/R/M trip portions Elevation gain <1000m/km Vehicle ID Number of tests per vehicle 01, ,15, Total22

RDE Working group Brussels, September Technology independent RDE-compliant tests (2/3) RDE-compliant tests: U: 29÷44% R: 23÷43% M: 23÷43% U/R/M distances 16km 95 th perc.tile v*a pos and RPA within permissible tolerances for each U/R/M trip portions Elevation gain <1000m/km Tests performed within moderate T amb boundary conditions 22 tests from 14 vehicles 1 test (about 5% of the total) had CF≤1 9 tests (roughly 40% of the total) had CF≤2

RDE Working group Brussels, September Error bars represent the maximum and minimum emissions per vehicle A decrease in max/min emissions deviations were observed, e.g. vehicles 2,15 Technology independent RDE-compliant tests (3/3) Vehicles

RDE Working group Brussels, September 2015 Overview 24 Objectives and current status Test vehicles and test routes Preliminary results  Technology independent  Technology dependent Conclusions

RDE Working group Brussels, September Technology dependent SCR and DeNO x +SCR vehicles: U+R+M trips RDE-compliant trips DeNO x vehicles: U+R+M trips RDE-compliant trips

RDE Working group Brussels, September SCR and DeNO x +SCR U+R+M tests (1/3) U+R+M tests: trips with all U/R/M shares driven Vehicle ID Number of tests per vehicle 02, ,136 18, Total60

RDE Working group Brussels, September SCR and DeNO x +SCR U+R+M tests (2/3) 60 tests from 12 vehicles A maximum of about 700 mg NOx/km was observed A minimum of roughly 80mg/km was measured among the available tests 13 tests (roughly 22% of the total) had CF≤2

RDE Working group Brussels, September Error bars represent the maximum and minimum emissions per vehicle A minimum max/min variation of about 30mg/km was observed for vehicle 14 SCR and DeNO x +SCR U+R+M tests (3/3) Vehicles

RDE Working group Brussels, September SCR and DeNO x +SCR RDE-compliant tests (1/3) RDE-compliant tests: U: 29÷44% R: 23÷43% M: 23÷43% U/R/M distances 16km 95 th perc.tile v*a pos and RPA within permissible tolerances for each U/R/M trip portions Elevation gain <1000m/km Vehicle ID Number of tests per vehicle , Total10

RDE Working group Brussels, September SCR and DeNO x +SCR RDE-compliant tests (2/3) 10 tests from 7 vehicles A maximum of about 600 mg NOx/km was observed 3 tests (i.e. 30% of the total) had CF≤2

RDE Working group Brussels, September No DeNO x +SCR tests found to be “RDE-like” Error bars represent the maximum and minimum emissions per vehicle A minimum max/min variation of about 30mg/km was observed for vehicle 2 SCR and DeNO x +SCR RDE compliant tests (3/3) Vehicles

RDE Working group Brussels, September DeNO x U+R+M tests (1/3) U+R+M tests: trips with all U/R/M shares driven Vehicle ID Number of tests per vehicle Total34

RDE Working group Brussels, September DeNO x U+R+M tests (2/3) 34 tests from 4 vehicles A maximum of about 700 mg NOx/km was observed 2 tests (roughly 6% of the total) had CF≤2 7 tests (about 21% of the total) had CF≤2

RDE Working group Brussels, September Error bars represent the maximum and minimum emissions per vehicle A minimum max/min variation of about 100mg/km was observed for vehicle 05 DeNO x U+R+M tests (3/3) Vehicles

RDE Working group Brussels, September DeNO x RDE-compliant tests (1/3) RDE-compliant tests: U: 29÷44% R: 23÷43% M: 23÷43% U/R/M distances 16km 95 th perc.tile v*a pos and RPA within permissible tolerances for each U/R/M trip portions Elevation gain <1000m/km Vehicle ID Number of tests per vehicle Total6

RDE Working group Brussels, September SCR and DeNO x +SCR RDE-compliant tests (2/3) 6 tests from 3 vehicles More data are needed

RDE Working group Brussels, September RDE-compliant tests: U: 29÷44% R: 23÷43% M: 23÷43% U/R/M distances 16km 95 th perc.tile v*a pos and RPA within permissible tolerances for each U/R/M trip portions Elevation gain <1000m/km More data are needed DeNO x RDE compliant tests (3/3) Vehicles

RDE Working group Brussels, September Euro 6 diesel vehicles can already today reach the Euro 6 NO x emissions limit during on-road driving NO x emissions scatter over a wide range, independent of the applied after-treatment technology Filtering of tests (“U+R+M”, “RDE-like” and “RDE- compliant”) and the exclusion of tests outside the RDE boundary conditions tends to exclude trips of high NOx emissions Feedback and suggestion for further analysis is welcome Conclusions

RDE Working group Brussels, September Contacts Martin Weiss: Pierre Bonnel Barouch Giechaskiel Theodoros Vlachos

RDE Working group Brussels, September Conclusions