UNESCO INSTITUTE for STATISTICS Financing Education: Investments for the Future in Latin America and the Caribbean Third Meeting of Ministers of Education Albert Motivans UNESCO Institute for Statistics Mexico City, 12 August 2003

UNESCO INSTITUTE for STATISTICS 2 n Data quality issues è Coverage (private, local government) è Comparability n Adopting and implementing upon a common framework and approach è Summit of the Americas technical assistance programme è World Education Indicators Programme Finance comparability study Comparing education finance indicators

UNESCO INSTITUTE for STATISTICS 3 Investing in Education 1. Educational participation – past and future 2. Public and private funding for education 3. Resources per student and per school career 4. Meeting regional goals for 2010

UNESCO INSTITUTE for STATISTICS 4 A Latin American success story… Source: UNESCO/OECD, 2003; OECD, 1999

UNESCO INSTITUTE for STATISTICS 5 Expanding educational opportunities n Most countries are near UPE and some enrol more than 90 per cent of youth up to age 15 n Secondary net enrolment rates have risen in the 1990s and range from 26 per cent (Guatemala) to 86 per cent (Bahamas) n Tertiary graduation rates are over 20 per cent in Chile and Argentina, but under 10 per cent in Brazil and Paraguay

UNESCO INSTITUTE for STATISTICS 6 The distribution of opportunities Source: IDB as cited in Wolff and De Moura Castro, 2003

UNESCO INSTITUTE for STATISTICS 7 Education expenditure and primary enrolments, 1975 to 1997

UNESCO INSTITUTE for STATISTICS 8 Education expenditure and primary classroom inputs, 1975 to 1997

UNESCO INSTITUTE for STATISTICS 9 Education e xpenditure as a % of GDP Source: UIS

UNESCO INSTITUTE for STATISTICS 10 Tertiary expenditure as a % of GDP Source: UIS

UNESCO INSTITUTE for STATISTICS 11 Allocating resources across levels

UNESCO INSTITUTE for STATISTICS 12 Blurred boundaries between public and private roles in education Teachers and other costs Voucher schemes, subsidies, grants, SLS Fees, tuition Fees, in-kind contributions

UNESCO INSTITUTE for STATISTICS 13 Public and private education providers n Defined by governance and source of funding è Public è Private »Government-dependent ( > 50% funding ) »Independent private ( < 50% funding ) n Private provision in LAC countries is prevalent at both primary and secondary levels, especially govt.-dependent; private tertiary provision is considerable

UNESCO INSTITUTE for STATISTICS 14 Primary expenditure per student, PPP$ Source: UIS

UNESCO INSTITUTE for STATISTICS 15 Expenditure per primary student as a % of GDP per capita Source: UIS

UNESCO INSTITUTE for STATISTICS 16 Per student costs by levels of education

UNESCO INSTITUTE for STATISTICS 17 Expenditure over the entire school career of a student

UNESCO INSTITUTE for STATISTICS 18 Cost of grade repetition as a % of GDP

UNESCO INSTITUTE for STATISTICS 19 Anticipating future educational demand

UNESCO INSTITUTE for STATISTICS 20 Learning achievement and spending per student (PISA 2000)

UNESCO INSTITUTE for STATISTICS 21 Conclusions n Efforts to expand education are showing positive results n Public resources to education have increased n Private contributions play a big role in financing education, especially at higher levels n Per student costs vary widely n Where prevalent, the cost of repetition represent a large part of total spending n Future presents a « window of opportunity » for some and a challenge to even maintain current participation rates for others