3. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT)

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3. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Tissue is a highly scattering medium (changes of the refractive) Unscattered light ("ballistic photons") shortest path maximum information content Snake photons (forward scattering) time delayed significant information content Diffuse photons: (multiple scattering) diffusion model little information to be discriminated 1

3. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Identifies scatterers by interference with incoherent reference (Michelson interferometer) Reference beam interferes with ballistic photons from scattering sample Fully coherent source  no selectivity to photons from a specific depth White light: Interference only when path difference is within coherence length (a specific depth in sample) By scanning the reference mirror a depth discrimination is achieved Interferenz zwischen zwei Wellenfronten zweier Lichtquellen tritt ein, wenn die beiden Wellenfronten über eine wohl definierte Phasenbeziehung im Überlappungsbereich verfügen Die wohl definierte Phasenbeziehung (Kohärenz) einer Wellenfront einer Lichtquelle gibt hierbei den zeitlichen Bereich an, in dem eine Lichtquelle interferenzfähig ist, d.h. die Kohärenzlänge entspricht der Entfernung, um die sich die Wege zweier Wellen unterscheiden dürfen, um bei einer Überlagerung der Wellen miteinander interferieren zu können. Falls sowohl der Referenzstrahl und der rückreflektierte Strahl von einer Streuquelle von der selben Lichtquelle stammen, lässt sich nur dann ein wohl definiertes Interferenzmuster erzeugen, wenn der Wegunterschied beider Strahlen innerhalb der Kohärenzlänge liegt 2

3. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Charakterisierung des Gewebes aufgrund der Reflektivität des Lichtes OCT misst indirekt die Zeitverzögerung bzw. es werden die Laufzeiten der Lichtstrahlen im Gewebe gemessen Laufzeitverteilung der reflektierten Wellen setzt sich aus Komponenten zusammen, die bereits an der Oberfläche reflektiert wurden und daher sehr bald am Detektor eintreffen als auch aus Anteilen die in tieferen Schichten reflektiert wurden und somit eine längere Zeit zum Detektor benötigen Zeitliche Verteilung der Reflexionen spiegelt innere Struktur des Gewebes wider 3

The OCT setup Fiber-optic beamsplitter Broadband source Tissue Scanning reference mirror Detector Computer Amplifier Bandpass filter

Michelson interferometer Interference Coherent source Michelson interferometer light source Detector Partially coherent source

Izatt, Joseph A. Theory of Optical Tomography, 2006 3. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Charakterisierung des Gewebes aufgrund der Reflektivität des Lichtes OCT misst indirekt die Zeitverzögerung bzw. es werden die Laufzeiten der Lichtstrahlen im Gewebe gemessen Laufzeitverteilung der reflektierten Wellen setzt sich aus Komponenten zusammen, die bereits an der Oberfläche reflektiert wurden und daher sehr bald am Detektor eintreffen als auch aus Anteilen die in tieferen Schichten reflektiert wurden und somit eine längere Zeit zum Detektor benötigen Zeitliche Verteilung der Reflexionen spiegelt innere Struktur des Gewebes wider Exemplary model for a sample comprising a series of discrete reflectors. Andrew Gomez, Daniel Kim, Jiwon Lee, Kenny Tao http://www.duke.edu/~yt13/Optical%20Coherence%20Tomography.ppt Izatt, Joseph A. Theory of Optical Tomography, 2006 6

3. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) k=2p/l zS-zR 7

3. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Axial resolution Dz is determined by coherence length DL of the light source i.e. the shorter the coherence length the better the axial resolution Application of a broad band light source e.g. super-luminescent diode, photonic bandgap fibers Lateral resolution is determined by the diffraction limited spot size of the focus A-Scan: assigns every investigated depth point a certain reflectivity B-Scan: reassembling of multiple A-scans by laterally scanning the light beam along a line C-Scan: three-dimensional tomography by laterally scanning in two dimensions l0 = center wavelength of the broad band light source Dl = width of the broad band light source (assumption: Gaussian spectrum) 8

3. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Clinical application of OCT in Ophthalmology Reference beam Beam splitter Light source Detector Eye Signal analysis In vivo OCT scan of a retina @ 800 nm (axial resolution = 3 µm) Cornea OCT image 9

OCT vs. standard imaging 1 mm 10 mm 100 mm Resolution (log) Ultrasound Standard clinical High frequency OCT Confocal microscopy 1 mm 1 cm 10 cm Penetration depth (log) from: Peter E. Anderson, DTU course 2004

Use extended focus techniques? 3. Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) Curvature of OTFs Use extended focus techniques? Problem: HF information is translated to low frequencies (wrong) 11

4. Molecular many electron systems: electronic & nuclear movement 12

4. Molecular many electron systems: electronic & nuclear movement Hamiltonian for a polyatomic molecule treated as Coulomb system with N nuclei (coordinates {R}) and n electrons (coordinates {ri}) : In atomic units i.e. ~ = qe = me = 1 Kinetic energy operator for nuclei Kinetic energy operator for electrons Nuclei-electron interaction operator Electron-electron interaction operator Nuclei-nuclei interaction operator 13

Does not depend on {ri} = constant for given nuclear geometry 4. Molecular many electron systems: electronic & nuclear movement (3N + 3n)-dimensional problem: Born-Oppenheimer Approximation: separate treatment of electronic and nuclear motion allows the total wavefunction of a molecule to be broken into its electronic and nuclear components: Does not depend on {ri} = constant for given nuclear geometry Decomposition of Hamiltonian: = adiabatic potential energy surfaces Schrödinger equation for complete problem: 14