1 Restructuring Higher Education: Public-Private Partnerships MOLLY N.N. LEE, UNESCO BANGKOK,

2 OUTLINE Restructuring of HE Public-Private Debate Public-Private Partnership Implications on Role of the State

3 Neoliberal Ideology Shrinking of the welfare state Cutbacks in social expenditure Privatization of public services Restructuring higher education

4 Higher Education Context Diversity in Asia-Pacific Face common problems in HE Increasing social demand for HE Budgetary constraints Let the buyer Pay To do more with less

5 Restructuring Higher Education Privatization of higher education Corporatization of public universities

6 Restructuring HE Liberalization of HE sector Deregulation in traditional PHE systems Regulation in new PHE systems

7 Restructuring HE Diversified funding sources Increased institutional autonomy Increased accountability

8 Public-Private Debate Arguments based on: Efficiency Equity Diversity and Choice

9 Higher Education as a Public Good Definition: non-rival and non-excludable The publicness and privateness of higher education:  Mission or purpose  Ownership  Source of revenue  Expenditure control  Regulations or control over other aspects  Norms of management

10 Higher Education as a Private Commodity HE as private investment HE credentials as competition for scarce social position HEIs selling their services HE as an industry HE as a tradeable service

11 Higher Education as a Market “education for the market” and “markets for education”. An educated person or an accredited person Vocationalization of the HE curricula Turn students to consumers and educators into service providers “what do I need?” replace “what ought I do?” Shift from production of social knowledge to marketable products.

12 Public-Private Nexus H.E. is both a public and private good with both public and private interest

13 Public-Private Mix CONTROL FINANCE Internal External State Market Public U. Private U. Japanese Private U. Corporatized U. Semipublic U. Public Corp. U. People founded U. I II III IV

14 Public-Private partnerships P-P as a derivative of privatization P-P as management reform P-P as problem conversion P-P as risk shifting P-P as restructuring public services

15 P-P Mixes in HE State govt and private companies (state/provincial universities, deemed universities) Public universities and private companies (affiliated colleges, foreign branch campuses) Public universities and private colleges (franchised progs) Consortia of public univs (OUM, Universitas 21) Non-profit private universities (political parties, people founded univs in Vietnam and China)

16 P-P Mixes in HE Public subsidies to private institutions (Japan, India) Faculties from public universities teaching in private institutions (Indonesia, Cambodia, Vietnam) Students on govt loans studying in private institutions Outsourcing of student services in public university campuses P-P in research with industry P-P in offering professional services (professors in medical faculties)

17 Expanding Role of the State Provider, regulator, protector Supervisory and steering role