Arabic Midterm Review Dunph. Agenda Verbs –10 Forms –Conjugations –Negation ليس الجملة الاسمية الجملة الفعلية الاضافة أنْ و أنّ و إنّ الذي و التي و الذين.

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Arabic Midterm Review Dunph

Agenda Verbs –10 Forms –Conjugations –Negation ليس الجملة الاسمية الجملة الفعلية الاضافة أنْ و أنّ و إنّ الذي و التي و الذين بدأ و مازال و كان Pronouns Colors Conditionals – اذا...فـ... Conditionals – لو...لـ... Comparisons/Superlative s كأن و كما و كـ و مثل Nouns and Voweling –مرفوع – مجرور – منصوب Readings

من الـ(صفة) أنْ/أنّ (lesson 14) (lesson 20) المصدر Check out website for more Grammar

Verb Forms (p. 251 – 253) Formالفعلنوع الفعل Iأَخَذَمتعدٍ IIنَظَّفَمتعدٍ IIIقَابَلَمتعدٍ IVأَحْضَرَمتعدٍ Vتقدّملازم VIتَبَادَلَمتعدٍ VIIاِنْكَسَرَلازم VIIIاِسْتَمَعَلازم IXاِحْمَرَّلازم Xاِسْتَقْبَلَمتعدٍ

Form 1 Formالفعلنوع الفعل Iكَتَبَمتعدٍ [1] [1] Iأَخَذَمتعدٍ Iسَأَلَمتعدٍ Iقَرَأَمتعدٍ Iبَاعَمتعدٍ Iقَالَمتعدٍ Iنَامَلازم [2] [2] Iعَدَّمتعدٍ Iمَضَىلازم Iرَأَىمتعدٍ Iوَقَفَلازم Example: قَطَعَ = to cut

Form 2 Formالفعلنوع الفعل IIنَظَّفَمتعدٍ Intensity of Action, Causative, Intransitive قَطَّعَ – to chop up

Form 3 Formالفعلنوع الفعل IIIقَابَلَمتعدٍ Associative - to involve someone قاطع – to cut off

Form 4 Formالفعلنوع الفعل IVأَحْضَرَمتعدٍ Transitive/Causative – make something happen or do something to something else أقطع – to divide up (land)

Form 5 Formالفعلنوع الفعل Vتقدّملازم Reflexive – doer of the action receives the action تقطع – to be chopped up

Form 6 Reciprocal - 2 people/things are involved تقاطع – to intersect Formالفعلنوع الفعل VIتَبَادَلَمتعدٍ

Form 7 Formالفعلنوع الفعل VIIاِنْكَسَرَلازم Passive انقطع – to be cut off

Form 8 Formالفعلنوع الفعل VIIIاِسْتَمَعَلازم Reflexive Abstract or Figurative اقتطع – to take a cut of

Form 9 used for colors, defects, and illness Formالفعلنوع الفعل IXاِحْمَرَّلازم

Form 10 Formالفعلنوع الفعل Xاِسْتَقْبَلَمتعدٍ To ask for or seek, reflexive استفطع – to deduct

Verb Conjugations – Present (p. 56) (نحن) نـ- - - (انا) ا- - - (انتم) تـ- - -ون (انتن) تـ- - -ن (انتما) تـ- - -ان (انت) تـ- - - (انت) تـ- - -ين (هم) يـ- - -ون (هن) يـ- - -ن (هو) يـ- - - (هي) تـ- - - (هما) يـ- - -ان (هما) تـ- - -ان

Verb Conjugations – Past (p. 128) (نحن) - - -ـنا (انا) - - -ـتُ (انتم) - - -ـتم (انتن) - - -تن (انتما) - - -تما (انتِ) - - -ـتِ (انتَ) - - -ـتَ (هم) - - -وا (هن) - - -ن (هو) (هي) - - -ـتْ (هما) - - -ا (هما) - - -ـتا

Negation (p. 272) لم و لن و لا و ليس –لم = used with present tense to negate in the past لم اعرف = I did not know –لن = used with the present tense to negate in the future لن اذهب = I will not go –لا = used with the present tense to negate in the present لا اجري = I don’t run –ليس = negation of nominal sentence جملة اسمية ليس عندي كتاب = I don’t have a book.

Negation Voweling with Negation and ن will drop out if it is not Feminine plural for لم و لن –After… لم – use ”-ْ“ لن – use ”-َ“ لا – use ”-ُ“

ليس(p. 265) (نحن) لسنا (انا) لست (انتم) لستم (انتن) لستن (انت) لست (انتِ) لستِ (هم) ليسوا (هن) لسن (هو) ليس (هي) ليست

الجملة الاسمية (p. 27) “Nominal Sentence” المبتدأ + الخبر [Indefinite predicate] + [Definite subject] *Subject will come before the predicate if it is Definite. If not, the sentence will be inverted and have a Fronted Predicate *If both subject and predicate are definite then they are separated by a pronoun

الجملة الفعلية (p. 61) “Verbal Sentence” The sentence begins with the main verb rather than the subject فعل + فاعل + مفعول [object] + [subject] + main verb

الاضافة (p. 41) Possessive, or shows relations between two nouns اسم نكرة + اسم نكرة = اضافة نكرة –[indefinite idaafa] = [indefinite noun] + [indefinite noun] –كتاب + طالب = كتاب طالب –A student’s book = student + book اسم نكرة + اسم معرفة = اضافة معرفة –[definite idaafa] = [definite noun] + [indefinite noun] –كتاب + الطالب = كتاب الطالب –The student’s book = the student + book

أنْ و أنّ و إنّ (p. 231) Generally means “that” or forms an infinitive أنّ – must be followed by a جملة اسمية and can take a pronoun, like in لانّ أنْ – must be followed by a جملة قعلية and specifically المضارع and forms an infinitive, which can be replaced with المصدر إنّ – is a special case for قال and at the beginning of nominal sentences

The Infamous Chart of p. 232 (verb) that (فعل) أنّ(verb) to (فعل) أنْ أنّ + جملة اسميةأنْ + جملة فعلية ظنّ أنّ عرف أنّ قرأ أنّ علم أنّ شعر بأنّ و شعر أنّ تذكر أنّ كتب أنّ فهم أنّ (هذا) يعني أنّ أراد أنْ استطاع أنْ رغب في أنْ رفض أنْ يحب أنْ قرر أنْ شجع علئ أنْ يمكن أنْ

الذي و التي و الذين(p. 269) Relative Pronouns Definite pronouns translate to “which” or “that” Introduce a modifying sentence, and must agree in gender and number with the noun it is modifying ما و من (“what(ever)” and “who(ever)”) work as well when the speaker wishes to be more general and less specific –**But WATCH OUT! Because ما can be also be an archaic form negation in the past هن)/هم) الذين (هي) التي (هو) الذي

بدأ و مازال و كان MeaningMeaning UsageUsage Masdar after بدأMasdar after بدأ

Pronouns نحنانا انتم انتن انتما انتَ انتٍ هم هن هما هو هي

Object Pronouns (نحن) ـنا (انا) ـني (انتم) ـكم (انتن) ـكن (انتما) ـكما (انتَ) ـكَ (انتِ) ـكِ (هم) ـكم (هن) ـهن (هما) ـهما (هو) ـه (هي) ـها These are verb suffixes and are the object receiving the action

Possessive Pronouns ضمائر الملكية Written as suffixes Forms an الاضافة with the proper الاعراب (نحن) ـنا (انا) ـي (انتم) ـكم (أنتن) ـكن (انت) ـك * ”fathah” for masculine; “kasra” for feminine (هم) ـهم (هن) ـهن (هو) ـه (هي) ـها (هما) ـهما (انتما) ـكما

These are the three forms you will see: A full sentence with هذا/هذه+.../هي/هو+ Definite Noun A phrase with هذا/هذه+ Definite Noun A full sentence with هذا/هذه+ Indefinite Noun Demonstrative Pronouns هذا و هذه This is Sparta!هذه هي سبارتا! …this alien هذا الاجنبي … This is a crazy person.هذا شخص مجنون.

Dual Pronouns المُثنّى The Dual, المُثنّى, describes two of anything For Possessive Pronouns, any ن will drop off the original word because of the الاضافة هماانتماSubject ـهماـماObject ـهماـكماPossessive

الالوان Colors (p. 339) المعنئالجمعالمؤنثالمذكر Blueزرقزرقاءأزرق Redحمرحمراءأحمر Whiteبيضبيضاءأبيض Blackسودسوداءأسود Greenخضرخضراءأخضر Yellowصفرصفراءأصفر Dark- complexioned سمرسمراءأسمر Blondسقرسقراءأشقر Grey-hairedشيبشيباءأشيب Baldصلع--أصلع

Conditionals – اذا...فـ... “If…then…” Past tense verb always follows اذا and a future tense verb generally follows فـ There are other forms, but they deal with intent and more abstraction, so, use the KISS method, and just go with اذا + ماضي and فـ + مستقبل

Conditionals – لو...لـ... “If __ had _(happened)_...then _ would…” Deals with impossibilities or things that failed to occur لو + ماضي... لـ +ماضي...

Comparisons/Superlatives *For adjectives… means something is “the __est” or is “__er than” something Basic أفعل أ- - - فعل Doubles أجدّ أ- - ّ جدد ”ي“ أقوى أ- - ى قوي Superlative  أفعل + اسم نكرة = الاضافة Comparative  اسم + أفعل من + اسم

كأن و كما و كـ و مثل (p. 362) Expresses similarity Rule: كـ + اسم, it is a preposition and must be a noun, not a pronoun Rule: مثل means “like” and acts as الإضافة, therefore it also takes pronouns كما – “as” or “just as” introduces a sentence and must be followed by a verb; – كما + جملة فعلية كأنّ – “as if” introduces a sentence that might seem true but is not and must be followed by a noun; –كأنّ + جملة اسمية

Nouns and Voweling – مرفوع و مجرور و منصوب 3 Types: المرفوع و المجرور و المنصوب –المرفوع – generally the subject, takes a “-ُ” –المجرور - generally the object of the preposition, but also the second word in an الاضافة; takes a ”-ِ“ –المنصوب – generally answers questions about the subject and the action, takes a ”-َ“

مرفوع ”-ُ“”-ُ“ Used for… –صفة الاسم المرفوع –خبر إنّ –اسم كان –فاعل –خبر –مبتداً

مجرور ”-ِ“”-ِ“ Apples to… –الاضافة (second word) –الاسم بعد حرف الجر (object of the preposition) Used for any noun after… –في –الئ –بـ –لـ –كـ –من

منصوب ”-َ“”-َ“ Applies to… –خبر كان –اسم إنّ –مفعول به (ماذا؟) –صفة –الظرف زمان (متئ؟) مكان (أين؟)

Reading 1

Reading 2

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