EEU, NAFTA, CAFTA TPP (Trans Pacific Partnership) –Major corporations benefit –Consumer & worker protections lessened –Environmental standards weakened Internet –Outsourcing Colonialism –Cash cropping Global economy –Interconnected international, national, & local economies –Global flows of goods, labor, finance, information Globalization

Economic Globalization Capitalist expansion into non-capitalist (moral) economies Economists’ vs. anthropologists’ assessments 3 major transformations: –Increased commercial production, decrease in subsistence production –Recruitment & exploitation in industrialized sector –Dispossession of land & resource base Unemployment, displacement Loss of local knowledge Deregulation  greater inequality –Wages, working conditions –Environmental destruction –Gap between haves and have-nots Subsidies –E.g. U.S. cotton & corn Distribution of income for each 1/5 of the world’s population

Kinship Terminology Prefixes & Suffixes Patri- Matri- –lineal = descent (related by blood) Patrilineal = through fathers Matrilineal = through mothers Unilineal = one side (matrilineal or patrilineal) Ambilineal = either/or –lateral = sides of family Father’s side = patrilateral = all related by blood only to one’s father Mother’s side = matrilateral = all related by blood only to one’s mother Bilateral = both sides = all of one’s blood relatives –local = residence (where couple lives after marriage) Patrilocal = with groom’s family Matrilocal = with bride’s family Neolocal = new (neither set of parents) Ambilocal = either husband’s or wife’s parents –archy = power (patriarchy, matriarchy)

Kinship Relations Consanguineal = related by blood Affinal = related by marriage Fictive = not related by blood or marriage, but called by kinship terms

Descent = related by blood Specific Kin Designations

Ego Patrilateral Kinsmen= RED Ego’s father’s blood relatives only

Ego BLUE Matrilateral Kinsmen = BLUE Ego’s mother’s blood relatives only

Bilateral Descent All blood relatives of Ego

Ego GREEN Patrilineal Kinsmen = GREEN Patrilineal Descent only through fathers

Patrilineal Descent

Ego RED Matrilineal Kinsmen = RED Matrilineal Descent only through mothers

Matrilineal Descent

Unilineal Descent Groups Tribes, chiefdoms, some states, esp. Asia & Middle East Patrilineal (40% of world’s societies) Matrilineal (20%) Corporate groups –Lineages ~10 or fewer generations Known ancestor Patrilineages or matrilineages –Clans More than 10 generations Cannot trace all the way back to original ancestor Matriclans or patriclans Larger, more loosely structured Totems –Phratries 2 or more clans rare –Moieties 2 unilineal descent groups Exchange marriage partners, rituals Moiety ( Phratry ) Clan Lineage Clan Lineage ( Phratry ) Clan Lineage Clan Lineage Tribe Moiety

Bilateral Kinship Network: Kindred Ego equally related to both mother’s and father’s sides (Note: This chart only shows ego’s blood relatives, not affinal kin)

6 Basic Kinship Classification/Terminology Systems: Sudanese Hawaiian Eskimo Iroquois Omaha Crow

English Kin Terms Specific Kin Designations

English Kin Terms Designated by Kin Type: Kin TermKin Type Father (Fa) Mother (Mo) Son, Daughter F M S, D Brother (Br) Sister BZBZ Uncle (U) Aunt (A) FB, MB FZ, MZ Cousin (Cu) FBS, FBD, FZS, FZD MBS, MBD, MZS, MZD FFBSS, Etc. Nephew (Ne) Niece (Ni) BS, ZS BD, ZD

Sudanese Kin Terms – 9% Most descriptive Assigns a different kin term to each distinct relative

Hawaiian Kin Terms - 36% Least descriptive Lumps many different relatives into a small number of categories Nuclear family submerged in larger kin group

Eskimo Kin Terms – 11% Bilateral emphasis No distinction between patrilineal & matrilineal relatives Emphasis on nuclear family

Iroquois Kin Terms – 29% Ego lumps father with father's brother, and mother with mother's sister, and parallel cousins with brothers and sisters. Cross-cousins preferred marriage partners Parallel and Cross Cousins

Omaha Kin Terms – 9% Parallel cousins are lumped with siblings, but cross-cousin terms cut across generational divisions, lumps relatives within ego’s mother's patrilineage. Found in societies that have a strong patrilineal emphasis Crow Kin Terms – 6% Mirror image of the Omaha, lumps relatives within ego’s father's matrilineage. Found in societies with strong matrilineal emphases

6 Terminology Systems

English Kin Terms Ju/’hoansi Kin Terms ___________________________________________________

Ju/'hoan Kin Terms for Older Siblings & Cousins Ju/'hoan Kin Terms for Younger Siblings & Cousins

Tsu Ga Alternating Generations Chart shows terms for older cousins Younger cousins called same as grandchildren (Kuma & Tuma)

Ju/’hoansi Kinship Eskimo system, bilateral descent Age and gender Alternating generations Joking and avoidance –Joking/casual: siblings and cousins of same sex, grandparents, grandchildren, spouses, spouses’ same-sex siblings and their same- sex spouses (husband’s brother, husband’s brother-in-law; wife’s sister, wife’s sister-in-law), all children’s spouses’ parents –Avoidance/respect: parents, children, siblings of opposite sex, aunts and uncles, parents-in-law, spouses’ opposite-sex siblings and in-laws (husband’s sister and sister-in-law, wife’s brother and brother-in-law) Namesake relationships –Treat people with same name as kin –Create large network of relationships Wi – older people can rename younger people

Joking and Avoidance Kin Tsu Ga Blue = Joking Red = Avoidance (respect) Kin Terms Alternating Generations

–Emphasizes nuclear family –Bilateral descent  Flexible –Extends kinship network –Stability and flexibility –Reflects egalitarian society –Kinship = central organizing principle Ju/’hoansi Kinship

Marriage and the Family Cultural universal Variations –Monogamy –Polygyny, Polyandry –Same-sex –Residential patterns Men’s/children’s houses –Kawelka,Trobriands, Indian tribals Matrilineal households –e.g., Nayar, Na

Functions of Marriage –Stable relationships –Regulate sexual reproduction –Raise children –Regulate sexual division of labor Often exploits women’s labor –Alliances between groups Mate Selection –Rules of exclusion Incest taboo –Rules of preference Cousin marriage

Suffixes and Prefixes -gamy = marriage Exo = outside Endo = inside Mono = one Poly = more than one -local = residence Patri = with groom’s parents Matri = with bride’s parents Avuncu = with uncle Neo = new Ambi/Bi = either

Marriage Rules Whom one can or should marry Exogamy – outside –Kin group Lineage Clan –Village Endogamy – inside –Caste –Village –Race –Class –Ethnicity Arranged

Arranged Marriage Hierarchical corporate descent groups –Lineages –Clans –Castes Patrilineage

Arranged Marriage Hierarchical corporate descent groups –Lineages –Clans –Castes Rules –Exogamy –Endogamy Alliances Preservation of: –purity –status –property

Bilateral Kinship - No corporate group - Nuclear family - Choice of residence -Neolocal -Ambilocal - Focus on individuals

Preferential Cousin Marriage: Cross & Parallel

English Cousin System

Degrees of Relatedness