Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010 Chapter 10: Factors affecting access to sport and physical activity I – the individual level

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010 Homework In a 300-word response, outline the most predominant factors of the individual level that contribute to your participation in basketball.

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010 Last Week’s Homework Choose the interpersonal level of Figueroa’s framework and use it to examine your participation rate in basketball. In 200 words, explain whether, at the selected level, your access to this particular sport was enhanced for you or diminished for you given your personal circumstances.

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010 Effective response strategy Basketball at the interpersonal level 1. Create an evaluative statement regarding your performance or participation in the physical activity you are studying (Evaluation). This could be by expressing:

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010 Make a decision as to the interpersonal factors that will be explored in your response. The factors selected should have had a significant influence over your attitudes, beliefs and values regarding your participation in basketball. interaction with parents interaction with peers interaction with coaches interaction with teachers.

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010 Evaluate how your personal experiences during your upbringing have influenced your opportunities to accessing physical activities in general and how this may relate, if applicable, to your opportunities to participating in basketball. This may be, for example, due to your interaction or incidents with certain people in your life such as your parents, siblings, peers, teachers’ coaches and the media.

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010 Chapter 10: Factors affecting access to sport and physical activity. – THE INDIVIDUAL LEVEL

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010 The individual level is one of five levels of a framework designed by Professor Peter Figueroa to help evaluate and explore equity and access issues within society. The individual level explores the links between the personal values, beliefs and behaviours of an individual and the opportunities, access and equity experienced by that individual. Figueroa’s framework – the individual level

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010 Every individual possess beliefs and values that affect their participation in sport and physical activity. These beliefs and values will govern their behaviour and are a product of the individual’s upbringing and experience with sport. Figueroa’s framework – the individual level (cont.)

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010 It could be argued that when it comes to equity and access issues the Individual Level is the most important. This is because in the end it is the individual’s choice that will determine their access and level of participation in physical activity. Some people are able to access a physical activity despite having limited opportunities to do so. The importance of the individual level

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010 Others may have many opportunities created for them to participate in a particular sport, yet they choose not to. Access to and participation in physical activity will always be a matter of individual choice. However, it must be noted that individuals are more likely to engage in physical activities when numerous opportunities are presented, so society must work to establish equity through all levels of Figueroa’s framework. The importance of the individual level (cont.)

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010 There are a range of factors that will influence equity and access to physical activity at the individual level. Pg 317 Copy the diagram Influences on access and personal choice to engage in physical activity Equity and access to physical activity at the individual level Personal temperamen t Self-concept and self-esteem Genetic predispositio n Personal beliefs, values, attitudes and stereotypes Individual needs

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010 The work of Myers-Briggs identified four distinct pairings of psychological preferences that will determine an individual’s personality type and may shape behaviours. Personal temperament

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010 ExtraversionIntroversion SensingIntuition ThinkingFeeling JudgingPerceiving Myers-Briggs presents four distinct areas within a person’s personality. While at each end of these areas there are two extremes, generally people lie somewhere on the continuum between the two extremes. Depending on where your preferences lie your personality will fall into 1 of 16 different personality types. Complete MBTI Test Personal temperament (cont.)

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010 These personality types can be used to determine an individual’s personal temperament. Individual temperament determines the way individuals see the world, approach tasks and make decisions. Personal temperament (cont.)

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010 People with different psychological preferences will naturally have different interests and views, behave differently and are motivated by different things. Temperament can be used to explain the preferences people may display towards participation in physical activity in general, specific types of physical activity or indeed the roles they take up in their sporting involvement. Personal temperament (cont.)

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010 Complete Activity 10.2 pg 321

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010 A second theory which may explain why some people choose to engage in physical activity when equity is established and opportunities to participate are presented is choice theory. Choice theory asserts that all behaviours, including the action of participating or not participating in physical activity, are need satisfying. That is, any action or decision made about how to behave will be made in an attempt to meet a fundamental physical or psychological need. Individual needs and choice theory

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010 Choice theory categorises these needs into five need types: the survival need; the love and belonging need; the freedom and choice need, the personal power need, and the fun and enjoyment need. When needs are met the individual will feel happier, more satisfied and content – when physical activity is meeting our needs then we will be more likely to engage in it. Complete Activity 10.4 pg 325 q1 & 2 (choose basketball) Individual needs and choice theory (cont.)

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010 The opportunities and access to physical activity can also be governed by an individual’s genetic makeup. Genetic makeup will determine a person’s body type, muscle type and amount, as well as their height and length of limbs. These body features will allow some individuals to develop natural abilities that are helpful in particular physical activities. Genetic predisposition

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010 Evaluate your ability to play basketball relating to your GENETIC Makeup Genetic predisposition

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010 A fourth influence on the access and the personal choice to engage in physical activity at Figueroa’s individual level are the beliefs and values of the individual. At the individual level of Figueroa’s framework it is the way these beliefs and values manifest themselves as attitudes, stereotypes and behaviours that can affect the access to and engagement in physical activity. Personal beliefs, values, attitudes and stereotypes

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010 An individual that, through the socialisation process, has learnt to value sport and sporting participation and believes that an active lifestyle is not only fun and enjoyable, but essential for a long and healthy life, is much more likely to seek out and undertake opportunity to participate in physical activity of any level. Conversely, an individual that does not value the role of physical activity in Australian society or believes physical activity is for ‘gym junkies’, ‘sweaty, rough boys’ or ‘only fit people’, may avoid physical activity. Essentially, limiting their own opportunities and creating their own inequities. Personal beliefs, values, attitudes and stereotypes (cont.)

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010 Complete Activity 10.6 pg 329

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010 A final aspect that affects opportunity and access to physical activity at the individual level of Figueroa’s framework is a person’s self-concept and self-esteem. The combination of self-concept and self-esteem will influence the behaviours an individual displays, including their participation in physical activity. An individual’s self-concept, not only governs how they see themselves, but also how they want to be seen by others. The role of self-concept and self-esteem in access and equity

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010 This need to project their self-concept in the ‘right’ way is vital, as a person’s image is what establishes themselves within friendship groups. In this way self-concept, will influence the physical activities undertaken by an individual. An individual’s self-concept and associated stereotypes will create opportunities to participate in more stereotypical physical activities, while limiting opportunities to access other activities outside what is ‘normal’. The role of self-concept and self-esteem in access and equity (cont.)

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010 Self-concept will also directly affect opportunities towards access and participation in physical activity when the mental image the individual has of themselves as a sportsperson is explored. Real issues with participation in physical activity begin to develop when an individual does not see themselves as ‘being sporty’. Self-Concept, motivation and the perception of success

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010 Under these circumstances physical activity is rarely engaged in regularly or attempts are less than productive. These negative experiences continue to feed the individual’s poor self-concept regarding their sporting ability and low-esteem will continue developing. This makes participation in physical activity less likely to occur. Self-Concept, motivation and the perception of success (cont.)

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010 Homework In a 300-word response, outline the most predominant factors of the individual level that contribute to your participation in basketball.

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010 Homework – Textbook answer Decide on the most predominant factors of the individual level that have contributed to basketball. Decide on three to five most relevant past experiences that will support these predominant factors. Decide on the level of success your participation in basketball has achieved and to what extent your predominant factors have contributed towards this.

Cambridge University Press © Kiss, Kleoudis, Rasi, Stewart and Johnston 2010 YOUR ANSWER NEEDS TO COME FROM THESE 5 AREAS!!! Influences on access and personal choice to engage in physical activity Equity and access to physical activity at the individual level 1. Personal temperamen t 4. Self- concept and self-esteem 5. Genetic predispositio n 3. Personal beliefs, values, attitudes and stereotypes 2. Individual needs