Warm-Up: Tuesday 5/26/15 & Wednesday 5/27/15 1) Name two facts about the fallopian tubes. 2) Describe how the female reproductive system is designed to carry a baby.

Warm-Up: Tuesday 5/26/15 & Wednesday 5/27/15 Answer i. Ovum travels from ovary to uterus. ii. Where fertilization takes place. 2) i. The uterine lining thickens to prepare for implantation of fertilized ovum (egg). ii. The uterus expands to accommodate growing baby. Iii. The cervix dilates to expel baby at childbirth.

Menstruation & Pregnancy

1. Menstruation

Menstruation (Period): The monthly shedding of the uterine lining (or bleeding) through the cervix and out of the vagina Menstrual Cycle: Regular monthly menstruations (periods) that on average last 28 days (21-35 days is normal for adult women) (In the U.S.) Girls start menstruating on average at age 12 (between 8 and 15 is normal) Women stop menstruating, menopause, on average at age 50 (during 40s-50s is normal) It is normal for girls and pre-menopausal women to have irregular length menstrual cycles

~ Day 21: Uterine lining continues to thicken ~ Day 21: Uterine lining continues to thicken. Ovum moves down the fallopian tube. If unfertilized, the ovum breaks down. Day 1: The menstrual cycle starts with menstruation (bleeding). On average, this lasts 3-5 days (2-7 days is normal). Uterine contractions help shed lining (cramping). ~ Day 7: The uterine lining builds back up again, growing new cells and capillaries to supply blood/nutrients. The uterine lining can start building back up before all the shed lining has completely exited the vagina. ~ Day 14: The mature ovum (egg) is released from the ovary and begins traveling down the fallopian tube, ovulation. (between day 7-22 is normal) During the ~5 days of ovulation is when women are fertile, or able to get pregnant.

Day 1 Day 7 Day 14 Day 21 Day 28

Uterus prepares for fertilized ovum to be implanted in the uterus by thickening the uterine lining. The inner lining of the uterus grows new cells. The inner tissue of the uterus grows news capillary branches to supply blood (oxygen, nutrients) to the new cells AND the fertilized ovum until the placenta forms. When the uterine lining is shed, the cells of the uterine lining and the capillaries are broken off. Any residual blood in the capillaries is shed with the uterine lining during menstruation.

Pre-Menstrual Syndrome (PMS): Occurs the week before menstruation and may continue the first few days of menstruation Pain in the abdominal or pelvic area (cramping) Pain in the lower back Headaches, body aches Physically sore or tender, including the breasts Fatigue, tiredness Bloating, water weight gain Nausea, diarrhea, constipation, dizziness Acne Food cravings Mood swings, irritability, anger, depression

2. Pregnancy

Human – 9 months Rhinoceros – 17 months Red Squirrel – 1+ months Black Bear – 7 months Baleen Whale – 11 months Porcupine – 7 months Elephant – 20-22 months Giraffe – 15 months

Fertilization: When a sperm cell joins with an ovum (egg) cell Fertilization: When a sperm cell joins with an ovum (egg) cell. Forms a zygote. Pregnancy: The time between fertilization and childbirth. **In medicine, the first two weeks of “pregnancy” are the first two weeks of the menstrual cycle

Millions of sperm are released into the vagina Only a few hundred make it to the fallopian tubes A single sperm fertilizes the egg

The fertilized ovum (zygote) grows from 1 cell to 16 cells in 3 days It travels down the fallopian tube as it grows It takes a week to implant in the uterine lining The cervix is sealed with mucus until childbirth

Week 1 – 4: Ball of cells Week 5-8: Tadpole Week 9-12: Fingers, toes, organs systems Week 13-16: Hair, nails, ears Week 17-20: Bones, sensory nerves Week 21-24: Non-see-through skin, ova (female) Week 25-28: Eyes, brain Week 29-32: Muscles Week 33-36: Gums, organs, testes (male) Week 37-40: Lungs

As the baby develops into a viable human by developing its body and organs, it also increases in size throughout the pregnancy It starts to resemble a human at 3 months

Pregnancy is separated into three “trimesters” of development The baby turns upside down in the third trimester in preparation for birth

Childbirth: Muscular contractions begin to dilate the cervix Childbirth: Muscular contractions begin to dilate the cervix. The mucus plug is expelled. The placenta breaks. Contractions and conscious pushing by the mother expels the baby through the vaginal canal.

Types of Birth Control Abstinence: No sexual contact (100%) Sexual: Non-vaginal Sex: Sexual contact, ejaculate, pre-ejaculate near the outside of the vulva (LESS THAN 100%) Pull-Out Method: Vaginal sex & withdrawal before ejaculation (96%) Chemical: Hormonal: pills, patches, injections, ring (99%) Morning-After pill (89%) Spermicides: foam, jelly, cream, gel, etc (85%) Physical & Chemical: Physically block cervix & Use of spermicide: Cervical cap, sponge, diaphragm plus spermicide (86-91%) Physical: Condom, female condom (95-98%) All forms of birth control become much less effective if used incorrectly

Sexually Transmitted Diseases HIV/AIDS & STD/STIs Sexually Transmitted Diseases

Sexually Transmitted Diseases: 1 out of every 4 sexually active teens has an STD Half (50%) of all STDs are among young people 15-24 15% of sexually active teens had sex with 4+ people 41% of sexually active teens did not use a condom at least once 2% of teens have injected drugs with a needle 10,000 young people 13-24 got HIV last year

Types of Sex: Abstinence: No sexual contact Masturbation: Sexual contact with oneself (no partner) Digital: Sexual contact between genitals and fingers/hands Oral: Sexual contact between genitals and mouth Vaginal: Sexual contact between vagina and penis (or object) Anal: Sexual contact between anus/rectum and penis (or object)

STD Lab: First: Carefully carry your cup upright without spilling: watch where you walk Meet one person to exchange fluid with: pour your fluid back and forth between cups Sit Down: go back to your seat and sit down with your cup once you have exchanged fluid with ONE partner Second: Move around the room to find a new partner: do NOT stay in the same place; walk around and find someone else somewhere else