World War I “ The Great War” Ms. Carpenter Duluth Middle Social Studies

Rivalry Between Nations Industrialization created rivalries among European countries. Great Britain, France, Germany, and other European countries needed natural resources for their factories. They also needed markets were they could sell their products. Imperialism: European countries claimed land in Africa and Asia to set up colonies. European countries also built up large armies and navies to protect their empires. Countries formed alliances with one another and agreed to support one another in times of war.

World War I Why did it start? nationalism, militarism, and alliances June 28, 1914, Gavrilo Princip assassinates Archduke Francis Ferdinand and his wife Sophie of Austria-Hungary in Sarajevo. Princip had ties to a Serbian terrorist group.

World War I Who fought whom? July 23 rd : Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia because of assassination and Germany agrees to support Austria-Hungary. August 3-4 : Germany declares war on Russia, France, and Belgium. August 4 : Great Britain declares war on Germany. August 6 : Austria-Hungary declares war on Russia. August 10:France declares war on Austria-Hungary. August 12: Great Britain declares war on Austria- Hungary. January 31,1917: Germans resume unrestricted U-boat attacks April 6,1917: USA declares war on Germany in retaliation for the sinking of the Lusitania cruise ship on May 7, 1915 and the resumption of unrestricted warfare.

What events started WW1 July 23 rd : Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia because of assassination of Archduke Ferdinand. April 6,1917: USA declares war on Germany in retaliation for the sinking of the Lusitania cruise ship on May 7, 1915 and the resumption of unrestricted warfare.

World War I The Allied Powers Serbia Great Britain France Russia Italy Japan United States Belgium Montenegro Romania Portugal China Liberia Greece Siam San Marino Panama Cuba Brazil Guatemala Haiti Honduras Costa Rica Nicaragua

World War I The Central Powers Austria-Hungary Germany Bulgaria Ottoman Empire (Turkey)

World War I Weaponry The methods of the Industrial Revolution were used to mass-produce deadly weapons. airplane submarine tank machine gun mustard gas

When did the U.S. enter the war? United States President Woodrow Wilson declared a U.S. policy of absolute neutrality, an official stance that would last until 1917 when Germany's policy of unrestricted submarine warfare - which seriously threatened America's commercial shipping forced the U.S. to finally enter the war on 6 April declared a U.S. policy of absolute neutralityU.S. to finally enter the war

The Sinking of the Lusitania

The War on the Home ront George M. Cohen's “Over There” African-Americans fought in the war but were still discriminated against. Women took over many factory jobs for the first time. Soldiers from the 369th Infantry Regiment proudly wearing their Croix de Guerre medals.Croix de Guerre

World War I Where did they fight? In Europe, trench warfare developed, especially along the western front between France and Germany. in northern Africa in the skies above Europe - “dog fights” between planes in the Atlantic, with Germany’s unrestricted warfare and dangerous U-boats

World War I How did it end? American troops arrived in Europe and Africa. Paris Peace Conference Treaty of Versailles The Big Four Woodrow Wilson, American President David Lloyd George, British Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau, French Premier Vittorio Orlando, Italian Premier

Before the Treaty of Versailles

World War I The Effects Russian Revolution – 1917 revolution begun by Vladimir Lenin and led to a communist government in Russia Germany was blamed for starting the war and was asked to pay for the damage leaving the country in financial ruins. The Austrian-Hungarian empire was dismantled. The Ottoman Empire was destroyed. World War II

The Time Between the Wars The Roaring 20s and the Great Depression

A time of rapid economic growth “The business of the American people is business.” - President Calvin Coolidge

The majority of the people in Europe and the United States lived in urban (cities) areas. The 1920s are marked by the art, literature, cinema, and movies that were created, so it is sometimes known as the “Jazz Age.” The United States and Europe became consumer economies. People were buying more than they could afford.

Prohibition The 18 th Amendment makes alcohol illegal in the United States. Mobsters, such as Al Capone, gain power through bootleg liquor (illegal alcohol). The 21 st Amendment repels prohibition (makes alcohol legal again).

Talking Movies During this time, the fairly new invention the motion picture camera, caused the movie industry to boom. It was centered around Hollywood, California. The fashions and lifestyles shown in movies helped define national culture. People wanted to look and live just like the stars in the movies

Harlem Renaissance African-American culture surged during the Music became popular (especially Jazz and Blues) and inspired new dances like the “Charleston.” Some of the most famous jazz musicians from this time period are Louis Armstrong and Duke Ellington. One of the most famous blues singers was Bessie Smith. Langston Hughes wrote plays, short stories, and poems about the African-American experience, a reminder of their African heritage. Since so much of the achievement took place in NYC, it is known as the Harlem Renaissance.

Langston Hughes Theme for English B “I wonder if it's that simple? I am twenty-two, colored, born in Winston-Salem. I went to school there, then Durham, then here to this college on the hill above Harlem. I am the only colored student in my class.” Bessie Smith Duke Ellington Louis Armstrong

The Great Depression When the United States stock market crashed on October 29, 1929, the world’s economy collapsed.

The Early 1930s nations struggled through depressions businesses went broke millions of people were out of work banks closed poverty spread throughout the world The climate was perfect for the rise of dictators such as Adolf Hitler (Germany) and Benito Mussolini (Italy). This period is known as the Great Depression.

Paris in 1930 London in 1930

United States October 29, 1929 (the day the US stock market fell) is known as Black Tuesday. Many investors lost everything At one point, ¼ of all Americans were unemployed. Breadlines and soup kitchens were set up to feed the poor. Many of the urban poor lived in shanty towns called Hoovervilles (named after President Herbert Hoover, the president at the time of the beginning of the Great Depression).

Germany Germany depended heavily on American loans. The Wall Street Crash (Black Tuesday) placed more pressure for Germany to repay US loans. rampant hyperinflation = useless currency massive unemployment (5 million in 1932, 20% of total population) production fell 40% Germany turned to Adolf Hitler and the Nazi Party to solve the German economic crisis.

The deutschmark Germany’s currency

The deutschmark in 1923 was only good for making kites

…and burning in a stove for heat.

Germans wanted someone to blame for their misfortune. The Nazi party offered Jews as the scapegoat. Children were often organized in youth groups and taught Nazi dogma. Germans were told to boycott Jewish businesses. Kristallnacht (the Night of Broken Glass) was a night of destruction aimed at Jewish homes and businesses.