Chapter 6 Opener alcock9e-chapter-06-opener.jpg

Figure 6.1 Mobbing behavior of colonial, ground-nesting gulls alcock9e-fig-06-01-0.jpg

Figure 6.2 A nesting colony of black-headed gulls alcock9e-fig-06-02-0.jpg

Figure 6.3 An arms race with a winner? alcock9e-fig-06-03-0.jpg

Figure 6.4 Does mobbing protect eggs? alcock9e-fig-06-04-0.jpg

Figure 6.5 Benefit of high nest density for the arctic skua alcock9e-fig-06-05-0.jpg

Figure 6.6 Gull phylogeny and two scenarios for the origin of cliff-nesting behavior alcock9e-fig-06-06-0.jpg

Figure 6.6 Gull phylogeny and two scenarios for the origin of cliff-nesting behavior (Part 1) alcock9e-fig-06-06-1.jpg

Figure 6.6 Gull phylogeny and two scenarios for the origin of cliff-nesting behavior (Part 2) alcock9e-fig-06-06-2.jpg

Figure 6.7 Not all gulls nest on the ground alcock9e-fig-06-07-0.jpg

Figure 6.8 The logic of the comparative method alcock9e-fig-06-08-0.jpg

Figure 6.9 Colonial California ground squirrels mob their snake enemies alcock9e-fig-06-09-0.jpg

Figure 6.10 The dilution effect in butterfly groups alcock9e-fig-06-10-0.jpg

Figure 6.11 A recently hatched black-necked stilt alcock9e-fig-06-11-0.jpg

Figure 6.12 The dilution effect in mayflies alcock9e-fig-06-12-0.jpg

Figure 6.13 Fighting back by terns and wasps alcock9e-fig-06-13-0.jpg

Figure 6.14 Communal defense by sawfly larvae alcock9e-fig-06-14-0.jpg

Figure 6.15 A group of sleeping bees alcock9e-fig-06-15-0.jpg

Figure 6.16 Cryptic coloration depends on background selection alcock9e-fig-06-16-0.jpg

Figure 6.17 The camouflaged moth, Biston betularia alcock9e-fig-06-17-0.jpg

Figure 6.18 Predation risk and background selection by moths alcock9e-fig-06-18-0.jpg

Figure 6.19 Cryptic coloration and body orientation alcock9e-fig-06-19-0.jpg

Figure 6.20 Does cryptic behavior work? alcock9e-fig-06-20-0.jpg

Figure 6.21 Safety lies in false edges for prey that exploit their predator’s edge detectors alcock9e-fig-06-21-0.jpg

Figure 6.22 Personal hygiene by a skipper butterfly larva may be an antipredator adaptation alcock9e-fig-06-22-0.jpg

Figure 6.23 Warning coloration and toxins alcock9e-fig-06-23-0.jpg

Figure 6.24 Effect of monarch butterfly toxins alcock9e-fig-06-24-0.jpg

Figure 6.25 Why behave conspicuously? alcock9e-fig-06-25-0.jpg

Figure 6.26 An advertisement of unprofitability to deter pursuit? alcock9e-fig-06-26-0.jpg

Figure 6.27 Cheetahs abandon hunts more often when gazelles stot alcock9e-fig-06-27-0.jpg

Figure 6.28 Are pushup displays an honest signal of a lizard’s physiological condition? alcock9e-fig-06-28-0.jpg

Figure 6.29 The lizard Cnemidophorus murinus often waves a foreleg at humans that disturb it alcock9e-fig-06-29-0.jpg

Figure 6.30 An optimality model alcock9e-fig-06-30-0.jpg

Figure 6.31 Optimal covey size for northern bobwhite quail alcock9e-fig-06-31-0.jpg

Figure 6.31 Optimal covey size for northern bobwhite quail alcock9e-fig-06-31-1.jpg

Figure 6.31 Optimal covey size for northern bobwhite quail alcock9e-fig-06-31-2.jpg

Figure 6.31 Optimal covey size for northern bobwhite quail alcock9e-fig-06-31-3.jpg

Figure 6.32 Selfish herds may evolve in prey species alcock9e-fig-06-32-0.jpg

Figure 6.33 Redshanks form selfish herds alcock9e-fig-06-33-0.jpg

Figure 6.34 A game theoretical model alcock9e-fig-06-34-0.jpg

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