Do Now Make a list of what Americans were afraid of during the 1950s and 60s

The Eisenhower Era

The Arms Race Duck and Cover

Cold war continues Eisenhower’s “New Look” Less on ground forces more on airpower, nuclear power and covert action Massive retaliation –Mutually Assured Destruction (MAD)

1945 Ho Chi Minh- leader of the Vietminh Vietnam declares independence from France 1954 Dien Bien Phu, 1954 French defeated by the Vietminh Containment in Vietnam

Vietnam divided into –North Vietnam Ho Chi Minh –South Vietnam Ngo Diem Containment in Vietnam

Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO) mutual defense pact U.S. sends weapons, military advisors, CIA Guerrilla war began in Vietnam

Latin America

Cuba –1959- Fidel Castro leads rebellion –US backed Cuban dictator Batista –Castro turns to the Soviet Union for aid

Latin America Guatemala –1954 –Leader nationalizes land owned by U.S. businesses –CIA helps depose Arbenz –Replaced with a military dictator friendly to U.S.

The Suez Crisis Egypt,1956 Nasser seizes the Suez Canal Israel attacks Egypt with help from Britain and France Ike stays out Middle East

Iran Mossadegh nationalizes oil fields deposed with aid from the CIA Shah of Iran is the new leader U.S. companies get 40% share in oil concessions Middle East

The Arms Race Nikita Krushchev replaces Stalin in 1953 Summit conference in 1955 Eisenhower and Kruschev meet at Camp David in 1959 Agree to meet in Paris1960

The Arms Race The Soviet Union –launches ICBM in 1957 Sputnik first satellite to circle the earth Ike creates the National Aeronatics and Space Administration (NASA)

The Arms Race U-2 spy incident May 1, 1960 Francis Gary Powers shot down over Soviet air space Summit meeting canceled

Federal Highway Act of 1956

1950’s Society The Suburbs Mass-produced houses Federal Housing Administration Veterans Administration –Low-interest loans “White flight”

1950’s Society

The Culture of Abundance Expansion of education Federal Programs –GI Bill –National Defense Education Act Promoted research and development

The Culture of Conformity More white collar workers Emphasis on family and gender roles –Cold War mentality Search for stability Religion –Church membership rose

Consumer Culture Population increase –150 million –180 million Borrowing –Consumer debt Advertising Television culture A “selling machine” –Sponsors pay to sell products

Critics of Culture The Beat Beat –Group of poets and authors –Rejected mainstream culture –Believed in personal freedom Allen Ginsberg –Howl (1956) Jack Kerouac –On the Road (1957)

Counterculture Challenges to the mainstream The Wild One (1954) Rebel without a Cause (1955)Rebel without a Cause Little Richard Little Richard

Counterculture Elvis Presley

Counterculture Chuck Berry

Civil Rights movement Grassroots movement –Movement to the cities More voting rights –Cold war politics –Social networks Churches, colleges

Civil Rights movement Robert Russa Moton High School National Park Service Photo Prince Edward County, Virginia

Civil Rights movement In April 1951, the students at Robert Russa Moton High School in Prince Edward County, VA, went on strike. Although their protest was intended to persuade their local school board to build them a better school, it actually led to a landmark civil rights case that marked the end of segregation in the nation's public schools.

Civil Rights movement Brown v. Board of Education, 1954 Consolidation of five separate lawsuits Overturns Plessy v. Ferguson –“Separate but equal” Allegedly ends segregation of public schools –"separate educational facilities are inherently unequal."

Civil Rights movement Montgomery,Alabama Non-violent protests and passive resistance December 1, 1955 Rosa Parks was arrested Boycott organized by the Montgomery Improvement Association

Civil Rights movement Martin Luther King chosen to head the MIA Led the Montgomery bus boycott November, 1956 Supreme Court declares Alabama bus segregation unconstitutional

Civil Rights movement The “Little Rock Nine” September, 1957 Little Rock, Ark. Governor sends the National Guard to prevent enrollment of nine black students Eisenhower sends in the federal army

Civil Rights movement The Civil Rights Act of 1957 and 1960 Voting rights bill –Not enforced –But opened the door to later laws –Civil Rights Commission to investigate issues regarding race relations

Kennedy Challenges Nixon 1960