 France

 Why did Kings in France have less power than Kings in England?  English Kings controlled the WHOLE country  French Kings only owned a small PART of the country (The Ile-de-France)

 Louis VII  Married to Eleanor of Aquitaine  Raised for a career in the church, only made King when his older brother died.  Failed in the 2 nd crusade  Son was Phillip II (by another wife)

 Why didn’t Louis VII and Eleanor remain married?  Different upbringing  She hadn’t produced a male heir  She was power hungry  They were too closely related

 Phillip II Augustus  Forced to go on the Third Crusade with Richard the Lionhearted and Frederick I Barbarossa  When he left the crusade he went to try to gain territory from Richard in France  He eventually conquered Normandy from John I

 The Reforms of Phillip II  1. Increased his own lands (added Normandy)  2. Appointed bailli: supervisors that were very similar to Justices in Eyre, except he was a paid official.  3. Centralized administration

 St. Louis (Louis IX)  One of the greatest figures (political and religious of the 13 th century)  Even during his life was considered saintly  Was the first King to legislate the whole of France  Created the Parlement of Paris

 St. Louis and the 7 th and 8 th Crusades  After an illness and miraculous cure, he made a serious vow to take an active part in the crusades.  He led the 7 th and 8 th crusades, which were largely unsuccessful  During the 8 th crusade he died from dysentery  We know many details of his life because of his historian, Jean de Joinville

 The Iberian Kingdoms

 Why were the Iberian Kingdoms extremely independent after the Reconquista?

 Portugal, Castile, and Aragon  The three major Christian kingdoms in Spain after the Reconquista  They were NOT united by law, custom, or religion  Because women were scarce at this time in Spain they had more rights than the average Medieval woman  The aristocracy owned private land, there were no fiefs or oaths of fealty

 Monarchs Stayed Strong  The tradition of war against Muslims gave the kings prestige  The rivals were too diverse and were fighting each other  To make their reign even stronger they began to systematize laws and customs in their realms

 Alfonso X of Castile  Issued the Siete Partidas (Seven Divisions)  Looked somewhat similar to Roman Law, but the King was the source of all justice  Developed a cosmopolitan court that encouraged learning  Was nicknamed El Astrologo

 The Alphonsus Crater Found and named by Alfonso X of Castile

 Cortes- Spanish Representative Assemblies  Spanish monarchs began to realize the need for powerful subjects to have a say in government.  They began representative assemblies by the end of the 12 th century  They were the most powerful representative assemblies in Europe in the 13 th century

 Germany: The Holy Roman Empire

 The Struggle of German Monarchs  Unity  The lure of power in the East and in Italy kept the attention of German monarchs  It kept them from unifying their kingdoms  The German kingship also remained elective

 Frederick I Barbarossa  Came closest to building a lasting German empire  Barbarossa- red beard  Had a mythical persona and was a great statesman  He claimed to be the special protector of the church, therefore a holy figure  He called his empire the Holy Roman Empire and its’ ruler the Holy Roman Emperor

 Frederick I’s Goals  1. Consolidate a strong imperial demesne  2.Force the great German princes to become his vassals  3. As the successor of the Caesars he wanted full sovereignty under Roman law.

 Frederick I’s Death  During the Third Crusade he drowned in the Saleph River  He decided to walk his horse through the river in full armor instead of taking the bridge because ti was too crowded  His men preserved his body in vinegar to transport it home

 Henry VI  The son of Frederick I Barbarossa  Tried to unify Italy and Germany even further  He only ruled for 7 years and did not have time to do so  He did raise money for the mission by imprisoning Richard I on his way home from the Third Crusade

 Frederick II-Stupor Mundi  Nicknamed wonder of the world  The first example of a modern ruler. He was a cold, calculating statesman.  He spoke 6 languages, patronized poets, founded Universities, and conducted scientific experiments  The Pope crowned him emperor in 1219

 Frederick II’s Rule  He fragmented Germany in his attempts to unite Italy  He gave the Emperor only the powers of foreign policy, making war, and deciding disputes between princes  He attempted to control Italy, but they felt threatened and the Pope, Gregory IX excommunicated him. Twenty two years after his death all of his heirs had been killed by the church  He also failed to lead a crusade and made a treaty instead, which some saw as dishonorable