Intelligence CHAPTER 16 LESSONS 16.1 Measuring Intelligence 16.2 Theories of Intelligence 16.3 Influences on Intelligence

LESSON 16.1 Measuring Intelligence OBJECTIVES Describe the history of intelligence testing. List and describe modern tests of mental abilities. Explain principles of test construction.

Intelligence Intelligence is the mental abilities to adapt to and shape the environment.

Early Intelligence Testing Alfred Binet (1857–1911) Theophilé Simon Mental age is the age that reflects the child’s mental abilities in comparison to the average child of the same age. Henry Goddard

Modern Tests of Mental Abilities Aptitude test is a test that predicts a person’s capacity for learning. Achievement test is a test designed to assess what a person has learned.

The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale Lewis Terman (1877–1956) Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale Intelligence quotient (IQ) is a ratio of mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100.

The Weschler Intelligence Scales David Wechsler Deviation IQ score Scales for different age groups: Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children

Group-Administered Tests Stanford-Binet and Wechsler tests are given individually. Group aptitude and achievement tests are given to thousands simultaneously.

Principles of Test Construction Standardization Reliability Validity

Standardization Standardization is the process of establishing uniform procedures for administering a test and for interpreting its scores. The Flynn effect is the tendency for performance on IQ tests to improve from one generation to the next.

Reliability and Validity Reliability is the degree to which a test yields consistent results. Validity is the degree to which a test measures what it is designed to measure.

Do Intelligence Tests Have a Cultural Bias? Two people with the same inborn abilities score differently on an intelligence test when one has less experience with the culture in which the test was developed. Supporters of IQ tests claim that although the tests do not provide an unbiased measure of cognitive abilities, they do provide an accurate measure of whether people are likely to succeed in school and some occupations.

LESSON 16.2 Theories of Intelligence OBJECTIVES Explain the general intelligence factor. Differentiate between crystallized intelligence and fluid intelligence. Define multiple intelligences. Explain the triarchic theory of intelligence.

General Intelligence Charles Spearman (1863–1945) General intelligence factor (g-factor) is a general intelligence ability that underlies all mental abilities. Spearman argued that intelligence was one thing, not many things.

Crystallized vs. Fluid Intelligence Crystallized intelligence is a person’s knowledge and verbal skills learned through experience. Fluid intelligence is a person’s ability to learn or invent strategies for dealing with problems.

Figure 16-4 Life-Span Changes in Crystallized and Fluid Intelligence CHAPTER 16 4/25/2017 Figure 16-4 Life-Span Changes in Crystallized and Fluid Intelligence PSYCH

Multiple Intelligences Multiple intelligences is Howard Gardner’s theory that there are at least eight separate intelligences all of which are developed differently in each individual.

Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences Linguistic intelligence Logical-mathematical intelligence Spatial intelligence Musical intelligence Bodily kinesthetic intelligence Naturalist intelligence Interpersonal intelligence Intrapersonal intelligence

Triarchic Theory of Intelligence Triarchic theory of intelligence is Sternberg’s theory that there are three sets of mental abilities making up human intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical.

Table 16-2 Four Theories of Intelligence Intelligence Theories Description Spearman’s general intelligence (g) A basic or general form of intelligence predicts abilities in various academic areas. Cattell’s crystallized and fluid intelligences Two general kinds of intelligence: crystallized intelligence is knowledge and verbal skills acquired through experience, and fluid intelligence is the mental ability to learn or invent strategies for dealing with problems. Gardner’s multiple Intelligences Intelligence is made up of at least eight distinct intelligences that are developed differently in each person: linguistic, logical-mathematical, spatial, musical, bodily kinesthetic, naturalist, interpersonal, and intrapersonal Sternberg’s triarchic theory Three sets of mental abilities make up intelligence: analytic, creative, and practical.

LESSON 16.3 Influences on Intelligence OBJECTIVES Identify the two extremes of intelligence. Explain the nature-nurture influence on intelligence. Describe ways to enhance intelligence.

Extremes of Intelligence Classification and education of individuals whose IQ scores fall at the two extremes of the normal intelligence curve is a controversial area of intellectual assessment. The two extremes are mental retardation and mental giftedness.

Mental Retardation Mental retardation is a condition of limited mental ability, indicated by an IQ score at or below 70 and difficulty in adapting to independent living.

Figure 16-3 Degrees of Mental Retardation Level Typical IQ Scores Percentage of the Retarded Mild 50–70 85% Moderate 35–49 10% Severe 20–34 <4% Profound Below 20 <2%

What Causes Mental Retardation? Doctors identify the cause about 25 percent of the time. Causes include: Infections Malnutrition Poisoning Premature birth Trauma Down syndrome

Down Syndrome Down syndrome is a form of mental retardation caused by an extra chromosome in the genetic makeup. Age of mother Physical characteristics Mild to severe range of retardation

Mental Giftedness What does is mean to be “gifted”? IQ scores Superior potential Childhood prodigies Enrichment

Intelligence and Nature vs. Nurture Twin studies Adoption studies Reaction range

Twin Studies Intelligence experts have conducted research on twins raised by the same parents who have similar life experiences. The experts believe that if the IQ scores of identical twins are more similar than those of fraternal twins, it is evidence that genetic inheritance (nature) is more important than life experiences (nurture) in determining intelligence.

Figure 16-6 Studies of IQ Similarity: The Nature vs. Nurture Debate

Adoption Studies Researchers studied adopted children to understand the effects of heredity and environment on intelligence. Biological parents give children their genes, while adoptive parents provide the environment. If heredity matters more than environment, the children’s IQ scores should correlate higher with the biological parents’ scores than with the adoptive parents’ scores. The reverse occurs if environment matters more than heredity.

Reaction Range Reaction range is the extent to which genetically determined limits on IQ may increase or decrease due to environmental factors.

Figure 16-7 Reaction Range

Enhancing Intelligence Enriched environments and the brain Valuing academic achievement