The “basal” angiosperms - paraphyletic assemblage - not a formal taxon recognition Chapter 7 Simpson, 2 nd Edition

Taxonomic Recognition l APG III yAngiosperm Phylogeny Group, 2009 yCladistic analysis of molecular data ( ) l Recognize monophyletic families (-aceae) l Orders (-ales) are monophyletic y“convenient placeholders for 1 or more families that appear to comprise a monophyletic group with relatively high certainty” l Monophyletic groups containing several orders are recognized (-ids), monocots, dicots yMagnoliids, Commelinids, Rosids, Fabids, Malvids, Asterids, Lamiids, Campanulids

22% diversity 75% diversity

Basal Angiosperms Amborellales A. Order Amborellales Amborellaceae Amborella tricopoda 1/1 (genus/species) - evergreen shrub of New Caledonia - vessel-less, dioecious, small flowers - laminar stamens, apocarpous, apically-open G - lacks aromatic oil cells (present in rest of basals) male flowers P 5-8 A ∞ female flowers P 5-8 G 5-6, superior perianth parts laminar stamens apically-open G staminode

Developmental transition between leaf-like bracts and perianth, perianth and stamens, and between stamens and carpels. Stamens are laminar (leaf-like) and the carpels are sealed by a secretion of sticky fluid, rather than developmentally fused as in most angiosperms. Doug & Pam Soltis Amborella Genome Project

Basal Angiosperms Nymphaeales B. Order Nymphaeales vessel-less, perennial aquatics Nymphaeaceae 6/60 (genera/species) tropical/temperate regions 1) large floating leaves (cordate or orbicular) 2) conspicuous, actinomorphic flowers floating to emergent 3) numerous floral parts, mostly spiral leaves of Victoria flower of Nymphae flower of Nuphar Water Babies K 4-6 C 8-∞ A∞ G 3-∞ superior or inferior plants of Nymphae

Basal Angiosperms Nymphaeales Order Nymphaeales Nymphaeaceae outer, laminar to inner stamens Flower with numerous spiral perianth & stamens Numerous perianth parts & stamens, inferior ovary Ovary cross-section

Basal Angiosperms Nymphaeales Order Nymphaeales Nymphaeaceae

Basal Angiosperms Nymphaeales Order Nymphaeales Nymphaeaceae

Basal Angiosperms Nymphaeales Order Nymphaeales Nymphaeaceae Nymphae and Nuphar in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness

Laurales C. Order Laurales Lauraceae 45/2200 1) shrubs or trees Cinnamomum: cinnamon, camphor (oils) Persea (avocado) A symbol of victory the laurel of ancient history was fashioned into crowns for triumphant heroes and into wreaths for distinguished poets and scholars. From this come the terms poet laureate and baccalaureate (laurel berry), also the expression “resting on his laurels”. The familiar bay leaves of the kitchen are dried laurel leaves used to enhance soups, stews and sauces. Sassafras flowers 2) aromatic oil glands on evergreen leaves 3) undifferentiated perianth 4) widespread in tropical and subtropical areas worldwide 5) Note floral parts in 3’s which is considered a “monocot” trait - more later on this Magnoliids P 3+3 A G 1, superior rarely inferior, hypanthium Laurus nobilis leaves (bay leaves)

Magnoliids D. Order Magnoliales Magnoliaceae 7/200 SE U.S. 1)trees or shrubs 2)actinomorphic, solitary showy flowers with undifferentiated petaloid perianth P∞ A∞ G∞, superior

D. Order Magnoliales Magnoliaceae 3) elongate receptacle elongate receptacle many spirally arranged floral parts 4) many spirally arranged floral parts 5) fruit = follicle fruit a follicle (note one red seed from each carpel Magnoliids P∞ A∞ G∞, superior

D. Order Magnoliales Magnoliaceae Magnolia Saucer Magnolia Magnolia Magnoliids

D. Order Magnoliales Magnoliaceae Magnoliids Liriodendron tulipifera (Tulip tree, a valuable lumber species)