PARTS OF SPEECH REVIEW Nouns, Pronouns, Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions, Interjections

NOUNS  Definition: A noun is a person (girl), place (house), thing (apple), or idea (love)  Nouns are broken up into different categories such as, common and proper, concrete and abstract, singular and plural, possessive, collective, and irregular

 A common noun names a general person, place, or thing.  Examples: I went to the city. The man was kind.

 A proper noun names a specific person, place, or thing. Always capitalize the first letter of a proper noun.  Examples: I went to San Francisco.  Mr. Brown was kind.  My new puppy, Perro, is playful

 A concrete noun is a noun that is physical. It is something you can touch, or pick up.  Examples: desk, door, pencil, eraser  An abstract noun is not physical. It is still there, but you can’t see it or feel it in a physical way.  Examples: love, kindness, sleep, day

 A collective noun is a noun that names a group.  Examples: club, herd, army, troop  It is one made up of many.

 Possessive nouns show who or what owns something. Singular nouns are made possessive by adding an apostrophe and then an s.  Example: The girl’s kite flew high in the sky.

 Plural possessive nouns are formed by adding an apostrophe after the s.  Example: The girls’ kite flew high in the sky.  When a plural noun does not end with an s, and apostrophe and an s are added.  Example: The men’s truck was dirty.

 Irregular nouns are usually plural nouns that don’t follow the rules. Sometimes you don’t simply add s or es to make a noun plural. Instead, you may have to change the spelling, add a different suffix, or leave it alone.  Examples: child becomes children, mouse becomes mice, half becomes halves, sheep stays sheep

PRONOUNS  A pronoun is a word that takes the place of a noun.  Example: John rode on John’s tractor. -OR- John rode on his tractor.  Common pronouns include: he, she, it, we, they, them, us, our, his, her, and I.  The noun that the pronoun refers to is called its antecedent.

 A singular pronoun takes the place of a singular noun.  Example: The girl went to the store. She bought some milk.  A plural pronoun takes the place of a plural noun.  Example: The cats played with the yarn. I laughed at them.

 Possessive pronouns are used to show that something or someone belongs to someone else.  Example: Frank’s hamburger had mustard on it. -OR- His hamburger had mustard on it.

PRONOUNS I AND ME  The pronoun I is used in the subject of a sentence. The pronoun me is used in the predicate of a sentence.  Kim and (I, me) walked to the deli.  Kim went to the deli with (I, me).

 Personal pronouns refer to the person speaking (first person), the person spoken to (second person), or the person, place, or thing spoken about (third person).  Some first person examples include: I, me, my, us, we  Second person: you, your, yours  Third person: he, him, she, her, it, its, they, their

 A demonstrative pronoun points out a specific person, place, or thing  Examples: this, that, these, those  Interrogative pronouns are those that ask questions. They do not have antecedents.  Examples: what, which, who, whom, whose

 Indefinite pronouns refer to a person, place, or thing that is not specifically named  Examples: both, few, many all, any, more, some, none, everybody, anybody, something, someone

VERBS  A verb is a word that expresses action or a state of being.  An action verb tells what the subject of a sentence is doing.  Examples: jumped, walking, drinking, goes  Marla goes to the store.

 A linking or being verb joins the subject and predicate of a sentence.  Examples: am, is, are, was, were  Matt was at the store.

 To form the past tense of most verbs, add – ed  Example: jump becomes jumped  To form the present tense of most verbs, add –s  Example: speak-speaks

 To form the future tense of most verbs, add the helping verb will before the main verb  Example: fix becomes will fix

 Irregular verbs are a bit more difficult because to form the past tense, you don’t add –ed. The entire word will change.  Examples: eat-ate  Do-did  Think-thought  Know-knew

ADJECTIVES  Adjectives modify or tell more about nouns or pronouns.  Examples: shiny spaceship  Green alien  Big eyes  Tiny hand  Beautiful planet

 Positive adjectives are the original form of the word  Examples: old, good, interesting  Comparative adjectives compare two nouns or pronouns  Examples: older, better, more interesting

 Superlative adjectives compare more than two nouns or pronouns  Examples: oldest, best, most interesting

ADVERBS  An adverb is a word that describes a verb. An adverb tells how, when, or where the verb happens.  Many adverbs that tell how end with the letters ly.  Example: Joan painted slowly. Slowly describes the action painted.

 When you compare two actions, the adverb will often end with the letters er or est.  Example: Birds fly higher than insects. Higher describes the verb fly.  Airplanes fly highest of all. Highest describes the action fly.

PREPOSITIONS  Prepositions show a relationship between one person, place, or thing and another.  Example: You are sitting in a seat in the classroom. Your feet are on the floor.  The preposition in each sentence show where you are in relation to the seat and classroom and where your feet are in relation to the floor.

 A prepositional phrase must begin with a preposition and end with a noun.  In the same sentence, Your feet are on the floor, the preposition is on and floor is the noun. The prepositional phrase is on the floor.

CONJUNCTIONS  Conjunctions join words, phrases, or clauses.  They are often used to combine simple sentences to make compound sentences.  The three most common conjunctions are: and, but, or.

INTERJECTIONS  Interjections are feeling words. They show emotion in a sentence.  Interjections are always separated from the rest of the sentence using a comma or exclamation point.  Examples: Ouch! That really hurt.  Oh, are you okay?

SUBJECT-VERB AGREEMENT  The subject of a sentence must agree with the verb.  Examples: Ben reads a book.  Ben and Sam read a book.  How would we complete this sentence?  Billy (want, wants) to buy a new skateboard.

RUN-ONS AND FRAGMENTS  A sentence that is not complete is called a fragment.  Example: Fell in the lake!  A sentence that has more that one complete thought is called a run-on.  Example: He dribbled down the floor his foot slipped on a wet spot.

FRAGMENTS AND RUN-ONS  Which of the following sentences is complete, a fragment, or a run-on?  Burned out of control.  Jerry crossed the finish line one-tenth of a second ahead of Johnathan.  My shoelace caught in the escalator I didn’t know what to do.

SUBJECT AND PREDICATE  All complete sentences must have both a subject and a predicate.  The subject is what the sentence is about.  Example: My closet has lots of clothes in it.  The predicate shows what the subject is doing or being.  Example: A buzzing bee looked for nectar in the flower.

SUBJECT AND PREDICATE  The simple subject of a sentence is just the noun or pronoun in the subject.  The simple predicate of a sentence is just the verb in the predicate.  What is the simple subject and simple predicate in this sentence?  My notebook is filled with stories that I wrote.

FOUR KINDS OF SENTENCES  Each type of sentence has a certain job.  A declarative sentence is a basic statement.  Example: Seven silly snails crawled along the sidewalk.  An imperative sentence makes a command or demand.  Example: Close the door.  These types of sentences both end with a period (.).

FOUR KINDS OF SENTENCES  An exclamatory sentence shows emotion and uses an exclamation point.  Example: How big the monster’s teeth are!  An interrogative sentence asks a question.  Example: Did Susie leave for school yet?