 Most popular work  From The Four Seasons  Violin, string orchestra, and basso continuo  Descriptive effects  Based on four sonnets  Lines from sonnets placed within original score  Spring – popular in Vivaldi’s time  Favorite of King Louis XV of France  3 movements  Fast, slow, fast  1 st and last movements – ritornello form

 1 st movement : Allegro  E Major  Terraced dynamics  Tone painting  Trill – ornament consisting of rapid alternation of two tones that are a whole or half step apart  Ritornello reappears in minor after storm

 2 nd movement: Largo e pianissimo sempre (very slow and very soft throughout)  Peaceful  C # minor  Solo violin and orchestra violins and violas  Violin- slumber  Violas- barking dog  Performers were expected to add embellishments

 3 rd movement: Danza pastorale (pastoral dance)  E Major  Ritornello theme with dotted rhythms  Sustained tones- represents bag pipes

 Masterpieces in every form except opera  Bach assisted in recognizing the importance of instrumental music during the time  Vocal music was still most of his output  Written for the Lutheran Church  Based on familiar hymns  Development of Personal Style  Italian concertos  French dance pieces  Church music from Germany

 Combined polyphonic texture and rich harmony  Mastery of harmony and counterpoint  Unity of mood  Insistent rhythmic drive  Little difference in sacred and secular music  Rearranged works to fit the different texts  Liked to create musical symbolism  From art

 Collection of preludes and fugues  Two volumes  24 pairs  Explored the tuning of instruments  Allowing composers to write in all 23 keys  Clavier- keyboard instruments (generalized)

 Prelude  C Minor  Perpetual motion  Continuous running notes  Repeated patterns of eight rapid notes in both hands  Fugue  C minor  Lighter Mood  Shorter  3 voices  Compact subject  5 note fragment  Accompanied by a counter subject  Stated 8 times  7 major and 1 minor  Ends in with a bright C Major Harmony

 Second Movement: Affettuoso (affectionately, tenderly)  Slow, quiet  Minor key  3 solo instruments and a cello  Theme uses dotted rhythm  Alternates in minor and major

 Third Movement: Allegro  Dancelike  ABA form  A section Major  B section Minor  Fugue like  Solo violin with an imitation from the flute and harpsichord

 Lutheran composes a monumental Roman Catholic Mass  1733 wrote the Kyrie and Gloria and sent to the Catholic monarch  Desired and honorary court composer title  Finished later by fitting text to his earlier Lutheran works  Too long for an actual mass  Orchestral accompaniment for voices  Each section separated into arias, duets, and choruses