Chapter 22: The Early Industrial Revolution

What Caused the Industrial Revolution? Population Growth

What Caused the Industrial Revolution? Agricultural Revolution The potato Maize New methods Enclosure Movement

What Caused the Industrial Revolution? International trade increased Interest in innovation and technology

Why Britain? economic growth population growth people willing to put new ideas into practice strong mining and metal industries the world’s largest merchant marine relatively fluid social structure good water transportation system unified market highly developed commercial sector

Why Not Continental Europe? Economies hampered by: –High transportation costs –Misguided government regulations –Rigid social structures

Technological Revolution Mass Production Pottery Mechanization Cotton Iron Steam Engine Railroads Electric Telegraph

Impact New Industrial Cities Rural Environments Working Conditions Women began to work in textile mills, earned less than men Families separated Young women earned low wages as domestic servants Child labor Poverty

Impact Women and Industry Industry and Slavery

Changes in Society Industrialization increased disparities in income Real beneficiaries were the middle classes

Protests and Reforms Workers changed jobs frequently, Frequent absences Poor quality work riots or strikes. create benevolent societies and trade unions. Mass movements persuaded the British government to pass laws: Factory Act of 1833, the Mines Act of 1842, and repeal of Corn Laws in 1846 Revolutions of 1848 revealed widespread discontent, but no reforms through accommodation

New Economic and Political Beliefs Laissez Faire Protests and Reform

Limits of Industrialization Outside the West: Egypt In the early 19th, Muhammad Ali began to industrialize funded by export of wheat/ cotton- protected by high tariffs on imported goods Powerful modern Egypt posed threat to the British In 1839, Britain forced Muhammad Ali to eliminate all import duties. Without tariff protection, Egypt’s industries couldn’t compete Egypt became dependent on Britain

Limits of Industrialization Outside the West: India Cheap British textiles forced Indians out of work India became exporter of raw materials and an importer of British industrial goods Railroads, coal mining, and telegraph lines introduced in mid-19th century industrialization proceeded at slowly British administration did not encourage it

Limits of Industrialization Outside the West: China New military technologies changed balance of power between Europe and China, allowed Britain to defeat Chinese quickly & easily China’s conservatives focused on agriculture kept them from competing with Western technology

Conclusion Industrialization was the most important change since the development of agriculture, with increased mechanical technology driving increased production of goods such as iron and cotton The industrial age caused environmental problems and increased stratification of society, with a new and growing middle class. It also generated concern for children working in factories and philosophies relative to the industrial age, such as those of Adam Smith and Jeremy Bentham. Industrialization of western nations caused a separation between what would be considered wealthy and poor nations.